Human Growth and Development final exam study guide PDF

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detailed lecture notes based on Dr. Aronson's class lectures for chapter 10-19...

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Human, Growth & Development Final Exam Study Guide By: A. Lahens Chapters 10-19 Fall 2018

Human Growth and Development FINAL EXAM NOVEMBER 29, 2018 Disclaimer: Final Exam-Alina’s notes for collaborative study guide only. Always refer to your professor for the most up to date information you are required to learn. I earned an A in this course, but you should always take your own notes for optimization in your own learning. Book Fact: means there’s some sort of statistic/fact/percent/data to know for exam

Chapter 10 1. Social Comparison: the desire to evaluate one’s own behavior, abilities, expertise and opinions by comparing them to those of others. Page 326/327 2. Self Esteem: an individual’s overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation. 3. Whereas self-concept reflects beliefs and cognitions about the self. 4. Race & Self Esteem: as set of pioneering studies a generation ago found that African American children shown black and white dolls preferred the white dolls over the black ones. P. 329 5. Kohlberg: suggests that moral development emerges in a three-level sequence, which is further subdivided into six stages. SEE PDF on moral development. (pre conventional, conventional and post conventional) those are the three stages. 6. Pre-conventional Morality: the lowest level, stages 1-2, people follow rigid rules based on punishments or rewards. 7. Conventional morality (stages 3-4), people approach moral problems in terms of their own positive as good, responsible members of society. 8. Carol Gilligan: suggested that differences in the ways boys and girls are raised in our society lead to basic distinctions in how men and women view moral behavior. Compassion for individuals, then, is a more prominent factor in moral behavior for women than it is for me. 9. Status: children who have higher status have greater access to available resources, such as games, toys, books and information. 10. Social Competence: The collection of social skills that permits individuals to perform successfully in social settings. 11. Social problem solving: the use of strategies for solving social conflicts in ways that are satisfactory both to oneself and to others. 12. Bullying: 160,000 U.S. schoolchildren stay home from school each day because they are afraid of being bullied. About 10-15% of students bully others at one time or another. They tend to watch more television containing violence and they misbehave more at home and at school than do non-bullies. 13. How children react to divorce: the answer depends on how soon you ask the question following a divorce as well as how old the children are at the time of the divorce. Immediately after a divorce, both children and parents may show several types of psychological maladjustment for a period that may last from 6 mos. to 2 years.

14. Divorce book Fact: some studies have found that 18 months to 2 years later, most children begin to return to their pre-divorce state of psychological adjustment. 15.

Blended family: a remarried couple that has at least one stepchild living with them.

16.

Attributions: people’s explanations for the reasons behind their behavior.

17.

Dispositional Factors: reflection on self, blaming it on, “I am just not that smart.”

18. Situational Factors: reflection on self, blaming it on a circumstance like: “I just didn’t get enough sleep last night.” 19. Emotional Intelligence: the set of skills that underlies the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression and regulation of emotions.

Chapter 11 20.

Adolescence: the developmental stage that lies between childhood and adulthood.

21.

Puberty: the period during which the sexual organs matures.

22. Book Fact: In poorer, developing countries, menstruation begins later than in more economically advantaged countries. Even within wealthier countries, girls in more affluent groups begin to menstruate earlier than less affluent girls. 23. Primary sex characteristics: characteristics associated with the development of the organs and structures of the body that directly relate to reproduction. 24. Secondary sex characteristics: the visible signs of sexual maturity that do not directly involve the sex organs. Breasts develop age 10, Pubic hair develops age 12. 25. Late maturation: page 362: the situation with late maturation is mixed. For instance: boys who are smaller and lighter than their more physically mature peers tend to be viewed as less attractive. 26. Anorexia Nervosa: a severe eating disorder in which individuals refuse to eat, while denying that their behavior and appearance, which may become skeletal, are out of the ordinary. 27. Bulimia: an eating disorder characterized by binges on large quantities of food, followed by purges of the food through vomiting or the use of laxatives. 28. Book Fact: Girls who mature earlier than their peers and who have a higher level of body fat are more susceptible to eating disorders during later adolescence as they tru to bring their maturing bodies back into line with the cultural standard of a thin, boyish physique.

29. Prefrontal Cortex: the part of the brain that allows people to think, evaluate, and make complex judgements in a uniquely different way. Prefrontal cortex also provides for impulse control. 30. Formal Operational stage: stage at which Piaget says people develop the ability to think abstractly. Piaget suggested people reach this stage at age 12. 31. Book Fact: Regarding Formal operations: “For instance, most studies show that only 40-60 percent of college students and adults achieve formal operational thinking completely, and some estimates run as low as 25 percent. 32. Information Processing Perspective: the model that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in, use, and store information. 33. Metacognition: the knowledge that people have about their own thinking processes and their ability to monitor their cognition. 34. Adolescent Egocentrism: a state of self-absorption in which the world is viewed as focused on oneself. 35. Imaginary Audience: an adolescent’s belief that his or her own behavior is a primary focus of other’s attentions and concerns. Example of this: a student sitting in class may be sure a teacher is focusing on her, and a teenage at a basketball game is likely to be convinced that everyone around is focusing on the pimple on his chin. 36. Personal fables: the view held by some adolescents that what happens to them is unique, exceptional, and shared by no one else. 37. NCLB act: No child left behind act: passed by Congress in 2002: requires that every U.S. state design and administer achievement tests that students must pass in order to graduate from high school. 38. Book Fact: Most students complete high school, but each year some half million students drop out prior to graduating. The consequences of dropping out are severe. High school dropouts earn 42 percent less than high school graduates, and the unemployment rate for dropouts is 50%. 39. Book Fact: Digital Divide: 77% percent of black students reported using a personal computer frequently compared with 87% of white students and 81% of Hispanic/Latino students. Asian American students had the highest rate of use, at 91.2%.

Chapter 12

40. 41.

Self Concept: page 390 “Who you are” Self Esteem: What you feel about yourself (influenced by SES and race) page 391

42. Book Fact: (true/false) question: “Although generally self-esteem is higher in adolescent boys than girls, boys do have vulnerabilities of their own.” 43.

SES: Socioeconomic Status page 392

44. Book Fact: Adolescents of higher SES generally have higher self-esteem than those of lower SES, particularly during middle and later adolescence. Race and ethnicity also play a role in self-esteem but their impact has lessened as prejudicial treatment of minorities has eased. 45.

Erikson Stage 4 & 5 will be on final: page 393.

46. Industry vs. Inferiority: 6-12 years of age, + outcome: development of self-competence, neg outcome: feelings of inferiority, and little sense of mastery. 47. Identity vs. identity confusion: age you reach this stage is adolescence. +pos outcome is: Awareness of uniqueness of self; knowledge of roles, - neg outcome is: inability to identify appropriate roles in life. 48. Psychological moratorium: the status of adolescents who may have explored various identity alternatives to some degree, but have not yet committed themselves. Adolescents take time off from the upcoming responsibilities of adulthood and explore various roles and possibilities. 49. Book Fact: Moratorium example: “I’m taking a job at my mom’s bookstore until I figure out what I really want to do.” 50.

Explain James Marcia’s categories of adolescent identity: page 394

51. Marcia’s four categories of adolescent identity: 1) identity achievement, 2) identity foreclosure, 3) moratorium, 4) identity diffusion. 52.

Marcia’s four categories are based on the presence or absence of crisis and commitment.

53. The most psychologically HEALTHY adolescents are in the: IDENTITY ACHIEVEMENT CATEGORY. 54. Crisis and Commitment: Crisis is a period of identity development in which an adolescent consciously chooses between various alternatives and makes decisions. Commitment: is psychological investment in a course of action or an ideology 55. Identity achievement: the status of adolescents who commit to a particular identity following a period of crisis during which they consider various alternatives. 56. Identity Foreclosure: the status of adolescents who prematurely commit to an identity without adequately exploring alternatives.

57. Identity Diffusion: the status of adolescents who consider various identity alternatives, but never commit to one or never even consider identity options in any conscious way. Page 395. 58. Adolescent Depression: More than a quarter of adolescents report feeling so sad or hopeless for two or more weeks in a row. 59. Adolescent Suicide: the rate of adolescent suicide in the United States has tripled in the last 30 years. One teenage suicide occurs every 90 minutes, for an annual rate of 12.2 suicides per 100,000 adolescents. (about 6 points on exam on suicide textbook pages). 60. Book Fact: Suicide is the THIRD MOST common cause of death in the 15-24 year old group, after accidents and homicide. Page 398 61. Book Fact: the rate of suicide is higher for boys than girls, although girls attempt suicide more frequently. Boys tend to use more violent means. Some estimates suggest that there are as many as 200 attempted suicides by both sexes for every successful one. Page 399. 62. Cluster Suicides: it’s like a copy cat situation. One person commits suicide, then one usually follows. 63.

Autonomy: independence and a sense of control over one’s life.

64. Generation Gap: a divide between parents and adolescents in attitudes, values aspirations and world views. 65.

Conflicts with Parents: page 405

66.

Reference Groups: groups of people with whom one compares oneself

67. Cliques: groups of 2 to 12 people whose members have frequent social interactions with one another. 68. Crowds: larger groups than cliques, composed of individuals who share particular characteristics but who may not interact with one another. 69. Sex Cleavage: sex segregation in which boys interact primarily with boys and girls primarily with girls. 70.

Controversial adolescents: children who are liked by some peers and disliked by others.

71. Rejected adolescents: children who are actively disliked and whose peers may react to them in an obviously negative manner. 72. Neglected adolescents: children who receive relatively little attention from their peers in the form of either positive or negatively interactions.

73. Figure 12-7: The social world of adolescence: memorize the first two columns on page 410. Popular: most liked Controversial: like by some, disliked by others Rejected: Uniformly disliked Neglected: neither liked nor disliked 74. Undersocialized delinquents: adolescent delinquents who are raised with little discipline or with harsch, uncaring parental supervision. 75.

Undersocialized delinquents are highly influenced by their PEERS.

76. Socialized delinquents usually follow the norms of society and they are highly influenced by their peers. 77. Undersocialized delinquents often suffer from psychological difficulties, and as adults they fit a psychological pattern called antisocial personality disorder. 78. Masturbation: Sexual self stimulation. BOOK FACT: By the age of 15, some 80 percent of teenage boys and 20 percent of teenage girls report that they have masturbated. Masturbation in males occurs more frequently in the early teens and then begins to decline, while in females, the frequency is lower initially and increases throughout adolescence. This may be a true false. 79. Permissiveness with affection: today the double standard has begun to give way to a new norm called permissiveness with affection. Top of page 415. Example: premarital sex/marrying virgins. For purpose of exam, know this term. 80.

Intersex occurs in 1/4500 births (book fact)

81. Book fact: In one study, of 12,000 teenagers, 88 percent reported eventually having sexual intercourse. Even with the decline in the birthrate for U.S. teenagers, the rate of teenage pregnancy in the United states is 2 to 10 times higher than that of other industrialized countries. Although there has been a small increase in recent years, the rate of teenage pregnancies has dropped dramatically among all ethnic groups since 1991.

Chapter 13 82. 83.

Senescence: the natural physical decline brought about by aging. Book fact: page 425 Leading causes of death of adults ages 25-34 is accidents

84. Book fact: page 426: Health: Although a lack of exercise may produce poor health, health risks in general are relatively slight during early adulthood. During this period, people are less susceptible to colds and other minor illnesses than they were as children, and when they do come down with illnesses, they usually get over them quickly.

85. 86.

Book fact: Homicide rate is higher in the USA than in many other developed countries. Stress: the physical and emotional response to events that threaten or challenge us

87. Psychoneuroimmunology: (PNI) the study of the relationship among the brain, the immune system and psychological factors. 88. American Disabilities Act: ADA: 1990 which mandates full access to public establishments. 89. Primary Appraisal: definitely on the final: the assessment of an event to determine whether its’ implications are positive, negative or neutral. 90. Secondary appraisal: the assessment of whether one’s coping abilities and resources are adequate to overcome the harm, threat, or challenge posed by the potential stressor. 91. Page: 431: Figure 13-5: steps in the perception of stress. Explains how a potential stressor will determine the level of stress we have. 92. Psychosomatic disorders: medical problems caused by the interaction of psychological emotional and physical difficulties. 93.

Coping: the effort to control, reduce or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress.

94. Defensive coping: coping that involves unconscious strategies that distort or deny the true nature of a situation. Example: people may deny the seriousness of a threat, trivializing a life threatening illness, or tell themselves that academic failure on a series of tests is unimportant. 95. Postformal thought: this is what happens after Piaget’s Formal operational stage. Thinking that acknowledges that adult predicaments must sometimes be solved in relativistic terms. Post formal thought also encompasses dialectical thinking. Post formal thinkers understand that there can be multiple causes of a situation, there can be multiple solutions. 96. Triarchic theory of intelligence: Sternberg’s theory that intelligence is made up of three major components: componential, experiential and contextual. 97. Practical intelligence: according to Sternberg, intelligence that is learned primarily by observing others and modeling their behavior. 98. Emotional intelligence: the set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotion. 99. Book fact: COLLEGE POPULATION: 19% Hispanic, 14% black, 7% Asian, 2% other races or ethnicities, 58% white. 100. Gender Gap Book Fact: More women than men attend college and the proportion of women, relative to men is increasing. The gender gap is even more evident for minority students, with 166 African American women attending college for every 100 African American men.

101. Benevolent Sexism: is a form of sexism in which women are placed in stereotyped and restrictive roles that appear on the surface to be positive. 102. Book Fact: Six years after starting college at a four year institution, only 58 % have graduated. Only half of Hispanic students graduate in six years.

Chapter 14 103. Social Clock: (page 455) the culturally determined psychological timepiece providing a sense of whether we have reached the major benchmarks of life at the appropriate time in comparison to our peers. People living in the middle to upper classes had social clocks that were fairly uniform up until the MIDDLE of the 20th Century. Today’s social clocks are HETEROENOUS. Sample Q: Everyone’s social clock is culturally determined: TRUE. 104. Intimacy versus isolation stage: (page 456)according to Erikson, the period from postadolescence into the early 30s that focuses on developing close relationships with others. 105. Friendship: (page 457) Most of our relationships with others involve friends, and for most people, maintaining such relationships is an important part of adult life. Reason to develop a friendship: COMPANIONSHIP 106. Sternberg’s Triangular theory: the three faces of love: page 459: Three components: intimacy, passion and decision/commitment components. The component of love that encompasses feelings of closeness, affection and connectedness is called: INTIMACY COMPONENT. According to psychologist Robert Sternberg, the three components of love include which of the following? Answer: COMPANIONATE LOVE, where strong affection is apparent with people whose lives are deeply involved. The component of love that comprises the motivational drives relating to sex, physical closeness, and romance is called: THE PASSION component. 107. Infatuated Love: (page 460) table 14-2: The combinations of Love. Sample question: According to Robert Sternberg, when two people have a “fling”or short-term relationship based only on sexual attraction, this is called INFATUATED LOVE. Infatuated love develops when only PASSION IS PRESENT. 108. Book fact: Seeking a spouse: page 461: “….. on the other hand, a goodly proportion of college students in Pakistan and india would find it acceptable to marry without love. According to Robert Sternberg, when two people are living in an arranged marriage, or a couple has decided to stay together “for the sake of the children,” this is called: EMPTY LOVE. Empty love develops when only DECISION/COMMITMENT is present. 109. Marriage Gradient: (page 463): the tendency for men to marry women who are slightly younger, smaller and lower in status, and women to marry men who are slightly older, larger, and higher in status.

110. Book Fact: Finally, despite the stereotype that gay males, in particular, find it difficult to form relationships and are more interested in sexual alliances, the reality is different. Most gays and lesbians seek loving, long term, and meaningful relationships that differ little qualitatively from those desired by heterosexuals. 111. What makes marriages work: (page 467) About what percent of marriages in the United States end in divorce? 50%. For the past three decades, there has been a significant: DECLINE in the number of co...