Final Exam Study Guide Human communications PDF

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Final human communication final from the speak up book. notes are original and will help with anybody taking communication and the tests that are given throughout the year including the midterm and the final ...

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Final Exam Study Guide: Human Communications Chapter 1: Introduction to Public Speaking          

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Public speaking is audience centered which means that the speaker chooses his or her message based on the audience’s interests and certain needs. In public speaking, the speaker does most of the speaking while the audience listens. In response to the speaker, the audience may respond by frowning, smiling, or even puzzled. Public speaking is a prepared presentation which means that the speaker chooses the topic in advance and carefully consider what they might say. Impromptu speaking is usually unprepared but impromptu speakers are usually good at delivering a few words and can quickly piece information together. Students who give speeches which are carefully crafted and thoughtfully crafted and skillfully delivered make a better impression on the instructor and rest of the class. Public speaking can allow you to participate in many school activities which help further develop your speaking abilities. Public speaking In the community, Also known as “civic engagement” helps you take on leadership roles in the community. Civic Engagement refers to the active role that is taken on in the community including political affairs and social gatherings. Throughout life, events such as family gatherings and even weddings can be a time where you are asked to speak in front of others which can improve your ability to speak in public. A person with an idea to express is known as the source. Ideas that are relayed to the audience are known as messages. Both Nonverbal and Verbal messages are used to encode the message. Verbal messages include words and phrases Nonverbal messages include hand gestures, eye contact, and facial expressions which can be used to express feelings or concern about a certain topic. Noise, also referred to as “interference” is external sounds that interrupts communication between the source and receiver. -Examples: Loud clock, footsteps, music. Transactional exchange involves all participants continuously sending and receiving messages Feedback can be verbal and nonverbal. An audience member who shouts out “Right On!” can indicate agreement between the speaker and receiver. In the transactional model, all participants exchange to seek shared meaning which is a common understanding with little confusion and misinterpretations. Channel: the medium through which a speech is delivered. Speakers can use a wide range of channels which include microphones, their voices, or even podcasts to get their message across. Culture refers to the values, traditions, and rules for living that speakers take account for Worldview is the lens through which reality is perceived by an individual.

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Critical thinking refers to the analysis of ideas based on reliability, truth and accuracy. Freedom of expression refers to the right to share one’s ideas and opinions free from governance. Ethics refers to a group’s shared beliefs about what behaviors are correct and incorrect.

Chapter 2: Developing your first speech  

Speech preparation is important for first time speakers. The more rigorously you prepare for your speech, the more likely you will avoid three common problems associated with inexperience and public speaking.

Things not to do when preparing a speech:

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Leaving little or no time to prepare for the speech: Waiting till the last minute to develop and practice your speech can often lead to losing track of your thoughts while delivering your speech Focusing on length rather than quality: Make information useful and convincing instead of writing in bulk and including irrelevant information. Failing to follow the assignment: if you fail to follow the topic of your presentation, it will mislead the audience and will not get your point across based on what your instructor is looking for. Classic cannons of rhetoric: form the basis of speech preparation

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5 cannons of rhetoric include:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Invention: The generation of ideas that you will use in your speech Arrangement: how the information will be presented Style: choice of language that will best express a speaker’s ideas to the audience Memory: Known as preparation and how well your able to retain the information. Delivery: Refers to how the speaker uses his or her voice to present the information to their audience.

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Audience analysis: Is the process of learning about an audience’s interests and background to create a speech that meets their needs. Topic: is the subject you will include in your speech. 1. Choosing a topic after analyzing the audience is the most effective when talking about a certain topic or idea. 2. Convey your interest while delivering your speech. 3. Consider ways to narrow your topic.

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Rhetorical purpose: a primary goal for the speech. Thesis statement: single sentence that sums up your speech’s main purpose. Main points: major points that you will emphasize in your presentation. Supporting materials: information that bolsters or supports your claim made.

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Brainstorming: involves actively listing every idea that comes to mind without evaluating its effects. Research: You can gather information from experts that will enhance your understanding of the speech. Bibliographic information: noting the authors information such as qualifications, name of source, publication date, and the page numbers on which you found the information relevant. Body: core of your speech where your main point is presented. Sub-points: Improve or expand your main points Subordination: each main point must relate to the main point that it supports. Conclusion: summarizes what you have said and leaves the audience with a memorable impression. Audiovisual aids: anything in addition that helps the audience visualize your speech or help them better understand it. Extemporaneous speaking: delivering your speech smoothly without the use of an outline. 1. To help you with extemporaneous speaking, practice delivering your speech 4 to 5 times until it becomes familiar. 2. Condense your outline into a set of briefer notes. 3. Explain the main points and sub-points. Delivering your speech 1. 2. 3. 4.

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Maintain eye contact Maintain an even rate of speaking Project your voice Convey interest in your topic

Speech anxiety: the worry or fear that some people experience before giving a speech 1. Anxiety can occur before a speech 2. Also known as “Stage Freight”

Chapter 18: Speech of presentation: awards, honors, and special designations often require speeches.  Speech of acceptance: recipients of honors, awards, or designations.  Speech of memorialize: a eulogy that comments on the passing of an individual  Epideictic: rhetoric speak that praises or blames the three genres of oratory. Three Genres of Oratory: 

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Judicial Oratory- Accuses or defends an individual (justice or injustice) Deliberative Oratory- exhort or dissuade (good or unworthy) Epideictic- praise or blame (virtue or vice

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Speech to celebrate: events that represent rites of graduations, weddings, or even retirements.

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Successful speakers always evoke emotional responses to their speeches.

Speech Introduction: 1. Be patient: allow the audience to settle, finish a meal or help them gradually shift their attention to you. 2. Using attention getters: further focuses listeners on upcoming speech or event 3. Modulate volume: may need to speak loudly at first to grab the listener’s attention. 4. Being focused and Brief: remember to prepare the audience to pay attention to the speaker or performer that will follow you after. The Art Of Presenting:    

Adopt the persona or person speaking: speak respectfully and knowledgeably about the subject you present Explain significance of recipient: Share interesting stories or even describe the impact of importance of the award being received. Connect recipients background: Use stories and examples of the recipient’s achievements to show why he or she deserves an honor Use audiovisual aids: Slide show presentations

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Appropriate volume and articulation: Speak with clarity and consistent volume throughout the speech.

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Show genuine humility: express gratitude and the people who helped you achieve an award.

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Remember that less is more: Say enough to demonstrate humility and acknowledge deep appreciation for the award.

Chapter 5: Audience Analysis  Audience Size: the number of people who are present in your audience  Situational Characteristics: factors in any given speech setting that you observe before the speech is given.  Presentation time: the amount of time that you have to present your speech  Body Clock, also known as “chronemics” refers to the time or day that a presenter decides to present his or her speech.

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Location: the place where your speech will be presented. 1. Auditoriums 2. Conference rooms 3. Outdoor venues

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Mobility refers to the amount of “movement” that your audience has while you present your speech 1. Stationary: refers to the “motionless” movement. Includes sitting or standing 2. Mobile: refers to the movement of listeners as they may move around or drift off.

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Demographics: refers to the race, ethnicity, religious orientation, or even gender Age: affect how audience members might respond to your message Gender Composition: male or female? All male? All female? Involves the composition of females and males in the audience or one certain gender. Sexual orientation: includes gay men, lesbians, bisexual or transgendered individuals Race: refers to how an audience responds to a message depending on the topic discussed. 1. Sexual harassment 2. Bisexual public restrooms

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Ethnicity: common ground for shared religion, background, or even origin of language. Religious orientation: a set of religious beliefs which can also affect the way audience members respond to your message. Education level: affects your speech if members in the audience have had formal education and experience on the topic discussed. Although many individuals are bound to respond in a respectful manner, many facts or claims can make an audience respond in a certain way. Prior exposure: the extent to which the audience has already heard your message which can help guide you to certain parts in your speech.

Hostile audience: opposes your message or will resist listening to your speech Sympathetic audience: hold you in high esteem and agree with your message Neutral audience: has either negative or positive opinions about your message

Three types of questions

1. Fixed response questions: specific set of responses and give you a set range of questions to choose from. 2. Scaled Questions: measure the intensity of feelings and offer a range of responses. 3. Open ended questions: invite the respondents to choose their own answer instead of offering limited responses.   

Survey: a set of written questions that you ask to advance your speech. Interview: allows you to get to know your audience members so you can get a feel for what you will address in your speech and which details you will leave out. Situational audience analysis: analyzing the audience in the moment that the speech is given.

Chapter 8: Using supporting materials for your speech  

Supporting materials: information you use to develop and support your speech Supporting materials strengthen your speech.

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Building audience interest: select supporting materials that will appeal to the audience’s interests.

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Focus on the topic at hand. If your discussing tornadoes and their occurrence in Florida, include examples of events that occurred similarly to the ones you will be presenting in your speech.

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Include brief examples that will help your audience grasp the topic you will be presenting.

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DO NOT include examples or specific details which will make it hard for your audience to grasp concepts or link ideas together.

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Extended details enhance your main point being discussed and provide details.

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When introducing new information to audience members, include definitions to terms that the audience might not be familiar with. Helping the audience gain familiarity with terms and definitions can help make it easier to understand your speech and the details being discussed.

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Dictionary Definition: provides the meaning of a term as presented in a dictionary

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Expert definition: A person who is a credible source of information on your topic.

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Functional definition: explains how something is used or works

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Testimony: consists of information provided by other people

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Expert Testimony: presented by people who have in depth knowledge of a topic including professional advice.

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Lay testimony: statements made by people who have no expertise on a topic or subject.

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Narratives: stories used to enhance the audience’s interest in your topic.

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Statistics: numerical forms of data that can help how certain situations occur.

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Do not include too many statistics, only select a few

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Use visual aids to explain your statistics. Ex. Bar graph, line graph

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Analogy: a comparison that is based on similarities between two phenomena that’s familiar to the audience and one that is less familiar to the audience.

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Etymological definition: explains the linguistic origin of the term

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Supporting Points: Extend and support your main points or “claims”

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First Set Of main points include a summary of your thoughts

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Second set of points, also known as the “supporting points” help extend and support your First set of points (main points)

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Main points: few ideas that are the most important to your audience

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Subordination: creating a hierarchy of points and their supporting materials in your speech.

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Sub-points: Used to develop the main points

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Sub-sub points: used to develop the sub points that coordinate to the corresponding sub-point.

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Coordination: a well-organized speech has coordination where a main point is coordinate with other main points.

Patterns Used to organize your speech: 1. Spatial pattern: Main points are arranged one under another or location 2. Temporal Pattern: presents information in chronological order from beginning to end. 3. Casual Pattern: Helps explain cause and effect

4. Comparison Pattern: compares how things are similar or different in certain events. 5. Problem cause solution pattern: first point argues the problem, second point covers the causes of the problem and the third point develops a solution. 6. Narrative pattern: organizes your speech as a story

Chapter 4: Listening Skills               

Hearing: receiving messages in a passive way. Listening: actively paying attention to what your hearing Processing: actively thinking about a message your receiving from someone else Retention: how well your able to remember the information presented Unprocessed notetaking: writing word for word without thinking about what they are writing down. Non-listening: not paying attention to what is being heard Interruptive listening: one person interrupting the other Agenda driven listening: thinking about the next point as you engage with your audience Argumentative listening: listening to only as much as they need to fuel their own arguments Interactive listening: filtering out distractions, focusing on what the other person or people have said. Internal noise: any noises that make it hard for you to concentrate on what is being said Stationary listeners: listeners that are either standing or sitting. Usually motionless Mobile listeners: mobile listeners are often times moving and often times are passing by. Audience demographics: refers to the audience’s characteristics such as race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, age etc. Gender composition: refers to the amount of males and females in the audience.

Chapter 15: Informative speaking 

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Definition: Breaking something down into smaller parts and explaining how they add up to explain something. 1. Dictionary definition: comes straight from the dictionary. 2. Expert definition: comes from an expert that is a credible source of information 3. Etymological definition: Understanding a word or concept by tracing its roots and origin. 4. Functional definition: Defining a concept and applying it to other functions. Explanation: Through explanation, you provide an analysis of something for the purposes of clarity and specificity by tracing a line of reasoning. 1. What causes climate change 2. How does photosynthesis work

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Explanation works better when you are describing a process or event. Description: helps the listeners paint a mental picture so they can close their eyes and imagine what you are saying. Demonstration: teaching the audience how a process or guideline works. Narrative: story that can enable you to share information and capture the audience’s attention. Objects: can be used to construct your speech to help you better prepare for the topic you will be discussing. Event: present or past occurrence that can you can use in an informative speech. Processes: series of steps that lead to a outcome. Audience Demographics: can influence your audience’s interests and disposition towards your topic. Forum: where will my audience be situated? Audience Size: how many people will there be in my audience? Credentials: credibility of the information that is presented and making sure all information is valid.

Organizing your speech (patterns)     

Spatial Pattern: organizing certain elements as they occur. Spatial pattern relies on the spacing between certain events. Chronological pattern: moving from the beginning to the end by referencing certain points in time. Causal pattern: cause and effect pattern used to describe certain causes and their effects on certain things. Comparison pattern: similarities and differences between two things. Compares how things are similar or different. Categorical pattern: main points broken down into sub points.

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Preparing your informative speech, you can rely on clarifying and simplifying your message as much as possible. Clarification allows for the audience to understand what you are trying to indicate and say throughout your speech. Reduce the quantity of information that you present throughout your speech. Reducing information can make it easier for the audience to understand and interpret the information presented. Making a detailed outline can help with information and the condense process. Avoiding jargon and unnecessary information can help with clear and concise language. Using presentation aids can help further clarify and simplify your message.

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Reiterating your message can help you further clarify a complex message by referring to it several times. Repeat your message: conveying or repeating a point severa...