Interpersonal Communication Exam 1 PDF

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This is a study guide for the first exam in Professor Choi's class! Chapters 1-5...

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Chapter 1 ● What is the purpose of interpersonal communication - Exchanging meaning - Achieving goals - Connecting with others - Building relationships ● Interpersonal communication- the process of face-to-face exchange of thoughts, ideas, feelings and emotions between two or more people; using symbols to represent ideas in order to share meaning and create a personal bond - Includes both verbal and non-verbal elements of personal interaction ● Communication- using symbols to represent ideas so that meanings can be shared ● What are the characteristics of interpersonal communication? - Continuous - Imperfect - Dynamic process - Consequential - Irreversible ● What are the conditions to be a competent communicator? - Effectiveness - Efficiency - Fidelity - Appropriateness - Satisfaction - Ethics

Chapter 2 ● Culture- A set of norms and customs, values and beliefs, and rules and codes that socially define a group ● What are the layers of culture - Cultural Institutions: Nationality, ethnicity, religion - Standpoints- demographics, socio-economic factors - Speech communities/subcultures- fraternities, sororities, online communities ● Different dimensions of culture - Individualistic vs. Collectivistic (culture is independent and focuses on itself vs. culture knows the importance of “we” and working together - Equality vs. Hierarchy/ Low power distance vs. High power distance (equal rights valued vs. difference in power=difference in rights) - High context vs. Low context (meaning is implicit vs. meaning is explicit) - Uncertainty avoidance vs. uncertainty seeking (rigid rules and routines are important vs. risky experiences are preferred) ● How does culture change - Over time

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Invention (development of new cultural practices) Diffusion (process by which a society adopts the cultural practices of another group) What are some barriers to intercultural communication - Ethnocentrism (seeing your own cultural beliefs as superior, more correct, more appropriate or more moral than others) - Stereotypes (a set of qualities to perceive a group of people) - Uncertainty and anxiety (lack of knowledge about traits, expectations and customs that causes a negative emotional state) Uncertainty/Anxiety theory - Scale that measures the level of uncertainty and anxiety that a person has while communicating - Low uncertainty/anxiety- finding the interaction predictable and boring, not being able to pay attention - Good amounts of uncertainty/anxiety- being able to be confident in an interaction but also pay attention to things you may not know - High uncertainty/anxiety- not being able to understand what’s going on and feeling too uncomfortable to pay attention to the conversation Theories - Speech codes theory (people communicate based on the norms and values that are relevant in a particular context) - Communication accommodation theory (understanding the ways in which communicators from different cultures adopt or exaggerate differences in communication patterns) - uncertainty/anxiety management theory (see above)

Chapter 3 ● Self concept- each person’s own view of self; the sum of knowledge that you have about yourself - Includes memories of experiences, physical traits, likes and dislikes, etc. - Is subjective or can be biased - Multifaceted (diverse roles in relationships and society) - Dynamic - Partially visible ● Johari window self - Open self- information that you share with other people and that you are aware of - Hidden self- Information about you that you are aware of but that you choose to keep secret - Blind self- information that other people are aware of but that you yourself are not aware of - Unknown self- information that neither you nor other people are aware of ● How self concept is formed/sources of self-knowledge

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- Self observation/self reflection - Social comparison - Social roles - Feedback from others Five layers of identity - Personal layer (self-concept shown to others) - Enactment layer (self shown through communication) - Relational layer (self shaped through relationships) - Communal layer (self related to the community in which they belong) - Ethnic layer (self that reflects shared heritage with a particular racial, cultural or national group) Interpenetration of identity- layers of identity are connected to each other Identity gap- when different layers of identity don’t match Social comparison theory- the belief that there is a drive within individuals to gain accurate self-evaluations Self-disclosure - We reveal about ourselves through self-disclosure - Related to how people manage privacy Self-presentation - Different behavioral patterns between the front and back stage - Front stage behavior: what we do when we are aware of an audience - Back stage behavior: what we do when we think no one is looking

Chapter 4 ● Cognition- the mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension ● Perception- the process by which a person filters and interprets information ● Stages of perception - Selection (influenced by point of view, the intensity of stimuli, the personal relevance of information, consistency with expectations, inconsistency with norms) - Organization (process of arranging information into a coherent pattern), - Interpretation (using your personal knowledge and experience, you decide what the pattern means) ● Dimensions of attribution Internal Causes

Stable

Controllable

Uncontrollable

Motivation

Lack of interest in the topic

Unstable

Knowledge about the topic

Anxiety

External Causes Controllable

Uncontrollable

Stable

Part-time job schedule

Taking care of ill mother

Unstable

Peer interruption

Noise near the dorm

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Different types of attribution bias - Fundamental attribution error: biased conclusions for others’ behavior, the tendency to make internal rather than external attributions - Actor-observer bias: biased conclusion for ours and others’ behaviors, the tendency to make internal attributions for other behaviors and external attributions for our own behavior - Self-serving bias: the tendency to make internal attributions for our success and external attributions for our failures, ways to protect self-esteem Attribution biases in close/intimate relationships - Our judgement of our partner is influenced by how much the partner’s behavior matches the relational atmosphere - Adaptive attributions: link positive behaviors to internal/stable causes vs. linking negative behaviors to external/unstable causes - Maladaptive attributions: link negative behaviors to internal/stable causes vs. linking positive behaviors to external/unstable causes How to reduce attribution bias - Perspective taking- imagining the world from someone else’s perspective - Pursuance of diversity- negatively connected to stereotypes

Chapter 5 ● Language: Vocabulary and our knowledge about words and what they mean, when to use them, and how we put them together ● Characteristics of language - Abstract- words stand for objects but are not the things that they represent - Arbitrary- no relationship between the sound and meaning of words - Related to culture- reveals cultural values and norms ● Detonation- literal, public, conventional meanings ● Connotation- private, emotionally charged meanings ● Syntactic rules- guidelines for structuring words and messages within a phrase

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Semantic rules- guidelines for using words in phrases based on meaning The sapir-whorf hypothesis - Linguistic determinism: language determines the way we interpret the world - Linguistic relativity: speakers of different languages will interpret the world differently...