Interpersonal communications ch 1-4 notes PDF

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Notes on chapters 1-4 from Interplay textbook and lectures
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Chapter 1 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

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We gain an idea of who we are from the way others define us Messages in early childhood are the strongest identity shapers but the influence of others is forever A higher education can enhance your relational life as well as your intellect Maslow: social - human interaction safety - protection from threats to our well-being physical - sufficient air water food and the ability to reproduce self esteem - The desire to believe we are worthwhile self actualization - the desire to develop our potential to the maximum, to become the best we can be Communication is about messages to generate meanings Transactional communication is the dynamic process in which communicators create meaning together through interaction Environments (context) is the fields of experience that help them make sense of others behaviors. pretty much their backgrounds and personal experience ○ Problems can come from this if there is no overlap between the 2 communicators environments Noises are anything that interferes with the transmission and reception of a message. ○ External noise - what could make it hard to hear ○ Physiological noise - hearing loss, illness, ect ○ Psychological noise - cognitive factors that make communication less effective (if someone says something that you didn't like, you have a hard time listening to the rest of what they are saying) Channel - the medium through which messages are exchanged Mediated communication is sending messages via technology Content dimension involved the information being explicitly discussed (not now im tired) Relational dimension that expresses how you feel about the other person, whether you like them or not Interpersonal communication is the interaction distinguished by the qualities of uniqueness, interdependence, self disclosure, and intrinsic rewards characterisitics of interpersonal communication: uniqueness - the quality of convo w your friends. interdependence - high interpersonal communication makes you care about the other persons life. It can affect you. self disclosure - revealing things about yourself. instrisric rewards - just being w the other person is enough. The conversation is irrelevant Relational culture is how you talk to those close to you with whatever specific language, customs and patterns Mass Personal communication characterizes interaction between mass and interpersonal contexts more communication is not always better

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communication will not solve all problems effective communication is not a natural ability communication competence - the ability to achieve goals in a manner both effective and appropriate adaptability - selecting appropriate responses for each characterisitic cognitive complexity- the ability to construct a variety of different frameworks for viewing an issue self monitoring - the process of paying close attention to ones own behavior and using these observations to shape it richness - describes the abundance of nonverbal cues that add clarity to a verbal message leanness - Messages that carry less information due to a lack of nonverbal cues hyperpersonal communication - accelerating the discussion of personal topics and relational time and beyond face-to-face interaction asynchronous communication - occurs when there is a time gap between when the messages saved it when it’s received synchronous communication - two way & occurs in real time Multimodality - ability & willingness to use multiple channels of communication

Chapter 2: ● culture - the language values beliefs and traditions and customs people learn and share ● in groups - who we identify with ● out groups - those we view as different ● social identity - part of the self concept that is based on membership in groups ● co groups - describes the perception of membership in a group that is part of an encompassing culture (race, sexuality, hobbies, age, nationality) ● intercultural communication - The process that occurs when members of two more pictures of coculture is exchange messages in a manner that is influenced by the different cultural perceptions and simple system both verbal and non-verbal ● salience - describes how much weight we attach to a particular person or phenomenon ● High context culture - relies heavily on subtle, often nonverbal cues to maintain social harmony ● Low context culture - uses language primarily to express thoughts feelings and ideas as directly as possible ● Individualistic culture - view their primary responsibility of helping themselves ● Collectivistic culture - feels loyalties and obligations to ingroups, extended families ● Power distance - describes the degree to which members of a society accept an unequal distribution of power ● Uncertainty avoidance - reflects the levels of discomfort or threat people feel in response to ambiguous situations and how much they try to avoid them ● Achievement culture - societies that place a high value on material success and focus on the tasks at hand ● Nurturing culture - the support of relationships as an especially important goal ● Race - social construct to be able to tell people apart

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Ethnicity - degree to which a person identifies with a particular group usually on the basis of nationality or culture Intersectionality - describes the interplay of social categories including race gender sex Assimilation - adapting and conforming to the dominant (nondisabled) group Accomodation - acknowledging ones disability and asking for ways to accommodate them 3 important types of cultural differences in verbal style are: direct vs indirect, elaborate vs succint, formal vs informal Code switching - the practice of alternating between 2 or more languages Ethnocentrism - when you think your ethnicity is superior to others Prejudice - unfairly biased and intolerant attitude

Chapter 3: ● Self concept - if a mirror could show looks, values, what kind of a person you are ● Self esteem - part of the self concept that involved evaluations of self worth ○ Self esteem is important to communicators because people dont respond well when you arent confident in yourself ● Positive self evalutation can often be the starting point for positive communication w others ● Infants being to recognize themselves from 6-7 months ● Reflected appraisal ○ You think you are what others think you are ○ Self concept is a reflection of the messages you’ve received throughout your life ○ Significant other is used by scientists when their evaluations are especally influential ● Social comparison ○ Its when you compare yourself with others ○ Reference groups - whom we evaluate our own characteristics ○ You choose your reference groups ● Self evalutations can be distorted by : ○ Obsolete information - effects of pass failures ○ Distorted feedback - remarks of overly critic parents ○ Perfectionism - a well adjusted successful person has no faults ○ Social expectations - what others think you should be like ● We are reluctant to believe a favorable self perception ● The tendency to hold on an outmoded self perception is usally when a new image is more favorable ● Self fulfilling prophecy - when a persons expectation of an event and their behavior based on those expectations, it wil most likely happen ○ Holding an expectation ○ Behaving in accordance w that expectation ○ The expectation coming to pass

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○ Reinforcing the original expectation It is important to KNOW that its because of YOU that things happen 2 types of self fulfilling proohecy ○ Self imposed ○ Someone elses expectations govern anothers impression management - communication strategy people use to influence how others view them perceived self - is the person you believe yourself to be in moments of honest self examination presenting self - public self image the way we want to appear to others face - to describe this socially approved identity facework - to describe The verbal and nonverbal ways in which we act to maintain our own presenting image and the images of others self disclosure ○ has the self as such ○ intentional ○ directed at another person ○ be honest ○ revealing ○ contains information generally unavailable from other sources ○ Gains much of it intimate nature from the context in which it is expressed social penetration model- describes the relationships in terms of breadth and depth of self disclosure JoHari window - developed by Joseph lose it and it is another way to illustrate how self disclosure operates in communication. Think of it as a picture frame that contains everything there is to know about you privacy management - to describe the choices people make to reveal or concealer information about themselves catharsis - when you disclose information in an effort to get it off your chest benevolent lies - lies that are believed to be malicious and perhaps they are even helpful to the person to whom they are told equivocation - is statements that are not necessarily false but cleverly avoid the unpleasant truth

Chapter 4 ● ● ● ● ● ●

first order realities- are physically observable qualities of a thing or situation (neighbor has an accent) Second order realities- involve our attaching meaning to first order things are situations (her accent makes her look exotic) narratives - The stories we used to describe our personal world androgynous- people with masculine and feminine qualities attribution - The quality of describing a process of attaching meaning to behavior stereotyping- exaggerated beliefs associated with the categorizing system

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primacy effect - our tendency to pay more attention to and to better recall things that happened first in a sequence Halo effect- The tendency to form an overall positive impression of a person on the basis of one positive characteristic horns affect- occurs when a negative appraisal adversely influences the perceptions that follow confirmation bias- once we form a first impression we tend to seek out an organizer impressions to support that opinion fundamental attribution error- The tendency to give more weight to personal qualities than to the situation when making attributions self serving bias- means that when we perform poorly we usually bring the extra no forces and when we perform well we credit ourselves perception checking- provides a better way to review all your assumptions and to share your interpretations empathy- The ability to re-create another person‘s perspective to experience the world from his or her point of view...