Intro to human communication chapters 6-10 notes PDF

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Professor is Sipes. Notes are lecture from chapters 6-10...

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Chapter 6: Nonverbal Communication non-oral communication: includes gestures, vocal intonations, clothing, surroundings, etc. Non- oral communication helps to express/explain verbal communication acts One Cannot Not Communicate • even your silence speaks • nonverbal cues are multichanneled • nonverbal cues are continuous Nonverbals are symbolic Nonverbal communication helps us decode verbal messages and does not occur in isolation 6 Types of Nonverbal Codes • kinesics- movement of body, face, arms, etc. • paralinguistic- rate, pitch, volume of voice • proxemics- personal space • haptics- professional, social, friendship touch • time & space- time value according to culture • appearance/artifacts- example demonstrated in Tuesday's class; what you are wearing Function of Nonverbal Messages • communicate information • regulate interaction • express/manage intimacy • establish social control

Chapter 7: Listening and Responding Why do I have to listen? • The average college student spends 55% of each day listening • can improve memory • enhance academic performance • improve personal relationships • can lead to improved health • one of the top 3 most important job skills Listening vs. Hearing • listening: process of receiving, constructing, meaning from, and responding to message • hearing: the physical process of receiving sound waves The Listening Act • 1. understand- interpret message • 2. evaluate- assess your reaction to message

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3. respond- show your response to message via verbal/nonverbal communication

The Big Five of Listening Competency • open/willing to listen • read nonverbal cues • understand verbal cues • respond appropriately • remember relevant details Listening Styles • action-oriented: listening for quick detail, instructs ◦ ex. instruction for work, school, etc. • content-oriented: listening for detailed, complex info ◦ ex. political speech, class lecture, etc. • people-oriented: friendly, open communication ◦ ex. friends' conversations • time- oriented: situation requires brief, concise speech ◦ ex. emergency Barriers to Listening • physical- outside noise, fatigue, etc. • physiological- deafness • psychological- boredom, preoccupies, preconceptions • conflicting objectives- ex. Paying attention when I say, “This will be on the test” vs. regular lecture Poor Listening Habits • wandering- not focused on speaker • rejecting- tune out speaker due to dislike, disagreement, etc. • judging- drawing conclusion before end of speech act • predicting- listener gets ahead of speaker, losing part of message • rehearsing- listener thinks about what to say next Resolve to be a Better Listener • own poor listening habits • practice mindful listening

Chapter 8: Communication Across Cultures 4 Reasons for Study • increased opportunity for intercultural contact

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enhanced business effectiveness improved intergroup relations enhanced self-awareness

Intercultural communication is communication which occurs between culturally different people. Border Dwellers • definition: people who live between cultures- voluntary/involuntary • voluntary short-term travelers- by choice & for a limited time; ex. Study abroad • voluntary long-term travelers- by choice & for an extended time; ex. Immigrants • involuntary short-term travelers- not by choice & for a limited time; ex. Refugees forced to move • involuntary long-term travelers- not by choice & for an extended time; ex. Refugees fleeing war Culture Shock • lack of familiar environmental cues, causing disorientation, discomfort • examples include travel to unfamiliar area, generational, ethnicity, even technology • interracial gay couples Re-entry Culture Shock • definition: culture shock experienced when 1 returns to native culture/country • ex. returning home after studying abroad, returning to homeland after being displaced by war Cultural Values • beliefs so central to cultural group that they are never questioned • cultural values prescribe what should be Individualism/Collectivism • addresses whether a culture emphasizes the rights & needs of the individual or that of the group • individualism-autonomy, independence of individual ◦ kids move out early- parents take care of themselves • collectivism- needs of the group ◦ giving money to a needy family member ◦ children defer to parents for help Preferred Personality • expresses whether it is more important for a person to “do” or to “be” • do- work for material gain, even if it means sacrificing family/friend time • be- work to live rather than live to work Human Nature • whether humans are fundamentally good, evil, or mixture • U.S. legal system- innocent until proven guilty Human/Nature Relationship • perceived relationship between humans & nature

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environmentalists vs. real estate developers

Power Distance • extend to which less powerful members of institutions/organizations within a culture expect/accept unequal distribution of power • U.S., Denmark, Israel value small power distance-inequality should be minimized, subordinates are expected to speak up/contribute • Mexico, the Philippines, and India value larger power distance- hierarchy in which each person has rightful place: seniority, age, rank, titles are important Long-Term vs. Short-Term Orientation • The dimension of a society's value orientation that reflects the attitude toward virtue/truth • long-term stresses virtue ◦ ex. polytheistic religions (more than 1 god)- Buddhism, Hinduism, Shintoism • short-term stresses truth ◦ ex. monotheistic religions (1 god)- Christianity, Judaism, Islam Dialectics • dialectical approach- things need not to be perceived as “either/or”, but may be seen as “both/and” • We can perceive things as both/and rather than either/or • In U.S., dichotomous thinking is taught- things are either/or, good/bad, big/small, right/wrong • 6 dialectics Ethics • Everyone is enmeshed in a culture & thus communicating through a cultural lens. • Be open • Be aware of humanity & do not view people as “others” Improve Comm Skills • increase motivation • avoid stereotypes • increase your knowledge of self & others

Chapter 9: Communication in Relationships Close Relationships are Important • the context where human interaction happens • sense of belonging • happiness/sadness • central psychological/physical health

Research shows... • lack of close relationships increases depression/anxiety- Miller • having close relationships increases good mental health, even a 50% increase in longer life- Holt-Lunstad et al • happy marriages help lower blood pressure/serious heart issues Defining “Close” • dyadic • friends • family • romantic partners • distinguished by frequency, intensity, intimacy, important, satisfaction, etc. • trust Casual Relationships • usually role-based • colleague • sales person • starbucks barista • no commitment- if you Starbucks barista quits vs. an engagement break- up 5 theories • Attraction theory- 3 primary forces draw people together: ◦ proximity- closeness ◦ attractiveness- personality, physically, etc. ◦ similarity- values, goals, beliefs, etc. • Uncertainty reduction theory ◦ relationships grow or die depending on participants' willingness to learn about each other ◦ you never get a second chance to make a 1st impression • Predicted outcome value theory- based on initial meeting & initial judgment, one can: ◦ choose to restart relationship ◦ choose to stick with initial judgment • Social exchange theory ◦ looks at development/longevity of relationships ◦ seek relationships where perceived rewards outweigh perceived costs • Equity theory ◦ also looks at longtime relationships ◦ people more satisfied in relationships perceived as fair ◦ balance of power Knapp's stage model • relationship model not a theory • relationships develop in stages • consists of 10 stages, from initiating to termination a relationship • problem: linear model; no repair option

Turning Point Model • recognizes relationships wax & wane, & can be repaired & made stronger • 13 stages • not a linear model • more popular than Knapp's model Successful Communication in Dyadic Relationships • grows over time • trust is a plus • not too much information too soon • more personal information is shared • as comfort level increases, the walls come down • a lot of work • a lot of care • disagreements will occur • successful relationships are the bedrock of human civilization • accidents/tragedies/illness will occur

Chapter 10: Small Group Communication Why study? • Fact of life ◦ grouphate- distaste that people feel about working in groups • enhanced college performance • enhanced career success • enhanced personal life Groups • primary groups- personal • secondary groups- professional • groups can be short term or long term Group work advantages • make higher quality decisions • social facilitation fosters creativity ◦ tendency for people to work harder/better when others are around • promotes critical thinking Group work disadvantages • time consuming • premature decisions • silence divergent opinions • social loafers (put less attention in your group)/ attention “hoggers” Definition of a small group • common purpose

• small number of people • connected with each other • influence each other Optimum number of small groups • 5 people is ideal • but you can have 3-8 people Small group roles • group roles- shared expectations • task roles- seek, process, evaluate info • relational roles- group's social atmosphere • individual roles- dysfunctional to group process Leadership Styles • Authoritarian ◦ takes charge ◦ makes all the decisions ◦ dictates strategies/work tasks • Democratic ◦ characterized by considerable input from group members • Laissez-faire ◦ complete freedom for group to make decisions Transformational Leadership Theory • high moral, ethical standards • futuristic • challenge status • encourage innovation • recognize strengths/capabilities of employees Servant Leadership Theory • seeks to ensure that other people's highest priority needs are being served to increase teamwork & personal involvement • must excel at 10 characteristics ◦ build community ◦ committed to employees' growth ◦ healing ◦ foresight ◦ stewardship ◦ persuasion ◦ conceptualization ◦ empathy ◦ listening ◦ awareness

Effective small group communication • equal time in conversations • cooperative conflict style • respectful communication style • consensus decision-making Dewey Sequence Problem Solving • define problem • analyze problem • identify alternative solutions • evaluate proposed solutions • choose best solution Decision-making phases • phase 1- orientation (introductions) • phase 2- tension (jockey for power) • phase 3- emergence (ready to work) • phase 4- reinforcement (consensus)

Groupthink • occurs when minority voices not allowed or are ignored • 1986 Challenger disaster Improving small group communication • build trust & cohesion • strive for cohesion • cultivate collectivist attitude...