Intro to the Human Body PDF

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Intro to the Human Body Anatomy: study of body's structure Physiology: study of body's function -structure determines function -form follows function and function follows form Anatomy Subdivisions 1. Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy): study of large body structures that one can see w/the naked eye a. Ex) bones, muscles, kidneys 2. Microscopic anatomy: study of structures too small for one to see w/the naked eye a. Ex) tissues, cells, specific cell parts Physiology Subdivisions: most of them consider the function of a specific organ system Neurophysiology: nervous system Cardiovascular physiology: heart and blood vessels Pathophysiology: states of disease in the functioning of orange and orange systems Medical Terminology: describes the body and its parts in health and disease Levels of Structural Organization: 1. Chemical level: atoms to molecules (DNA) 2. Cellular level: smooth muscle cell 3. Tissue level: smooth muscle tissue a. Epithelial b. Connective c. Muscle d. Nervous

11 Human Body Systems: 1. Skeletal: protects and supports body organs, and it provides a framework (bones, joints, ligaments) 2. Integumentary: acts as external body covering, protecting the deeper structures (hair, skin, fingernails) 3. Muscular: allows movement, maintains posture and produces heat (smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscles) 4. Nervous: responds to sensory info and coordinates body responses (brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs) 5. Endocrine: glands produce hormones that control body functions, such as growth and reproductive development (glands) 6. Cardiovascular (pt 1 of circulatory system): heart pumps blood and blood vessels transport it to the body cells, delivering nutrients and carrying away wastes (blood, heart, vessels) 7. Respiratory: keeps the blood supplied with fresh oxygen and removes carbon dioxide (lungs, passageways) 8. Digestive: breaks down food into nutrition for body cells (entire gastrointestinal tract) 9. Urinary: eliminates waste products and controls water balance (kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra) 10. Reproductive: produces offspring (gonads) 11. Lymphatic/Immune (pt 2 of circulatory system): defends the body against infection and disease (tonsil, thymus gland, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels) Six Important Life Processes: 1. Maintaining boundaries: maintain internal environment separate from external environment (skin for humans) 2. Movement: body, organs, cells or organelles 3. Responsiveness: ability to respond to changes in the environment a. Ex) pulling hand away from hot stove

2. Digestion: break down nutrients into simple molecules to be absorbed into blood 3. Metabolism: refers to all the chemical reactions that occur in the body a. Catabolism: breaking apart compounds b. Anabolism: forming compounds 2. Excretion 3. Reproduction: new cells or new individual 4. Growth: constructive activities much occur at a faster rate than destructive activities for life to continue 5. Differentiation: from unspecialized to specialized (cells) Homeostasis: stable internal environment in the body, even though outside conditions constantly change. **Homeostasis is the foundation of anatomy and physiology** -Dynamic equilibrium, internal conditions continuously change/vary within extremely narrow limits Homeostatic regulation: control system that maintains homeostasis 1. Receptor: perceives the changes in the environment (nerve receptors) 2. Control center: processes that info and decides what to do about it (brain) a. Negative feedback: body negates/opposes change i. Ex) body is to hot, sweats. Body is to cold, shivers. b. Positive feedback: body pushes the original response further/increases in the same direction i. Ex) labor contractions during birth and blood clotting 2. Effector: makes the change (muscles) Homeostatic imbalance: any disturbance in homeostasis, which results in a diseased state 1. Disorder: derangement or abnormality of function 2. Disease: alter body structures and functions a. Symptoms: changes in body functions b. Signs

Anatomical position: body standing, hands at the side, palms facing forward and feet together Use Proximal and Distal when referring to parts of limbs Ex) knee is proximal to the ankle, wrist is distal to the elbow

Regional terms:

Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions:

Medical Imaging: producing imagines and pictures of the human body, used to diagnose conditions of health or disease 1. X-Ray (radiograph): high-energy radiation that penetrates living beings. Used to show hard or dense structures such as bones or tumors. Found in 1895 2. Computed tomography (CT/CAT, computerized axial tomography): takes images an x-ray produces to reconstruct as 3-D. Commonly used for cross sections of brain and abdomen 3. Positron emission tomography (PET): shows body's chemical functioning in addition w/structure. Patient must ingest substance (glucose/includes radioisotopes). Used for measurements ranging from cancer diagnosis to understanding neurologic disorders 4. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): magnetic field and radio waves to show subtle structural differences in body. Used for soft tissues, maps body content of hydrogen molecules which reside in body's water 5. Sonography: safe and non-invasive...