Organisation of the human body PDF

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Organisation of the human body Wednesday, 29 July 2020

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Structural organisation There are six levels of organisation in the human body. 1. Chemical 2. Cells 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. System 6. Human body Chemical This includes atoms and molecules. Examples: Molecules make DNA Cells Smallest living units in the human body. - Muscle cells - Nerve Cells - Blood cells Cells contain specialised structures called organelles. Tissue Cells join together to form tissues. Four basic types of tissue include; - Epithelial tissue - Connective tissue - Muscular tissue - Nervous tissue

Organ Compose of two or more differe and have specific functions. Example : Stomach, heart Systems Consist of related organs that ha function. Types of systems: 1. Integumentary system 2. Skeletal system 3. Muscular system 4. Nervous system 5. Endocrine system 6. Cardiovascular system 7. Lymphatic system and imm 8. Respiratory system 9. Digestive system 10. Urinary system Human body Gross anatomy

Anatomical terms Anatomical Position : The subject stands erect facing the observer, with t nt types of tissues,

ave a common

munity

Names of body regions - Head : Skull and face - Neck : Supports the head and attaches it to the truck - Trunk : chest, abdomen and pelvis - Upper limb : attached to the trunk, chest, armpit, arm, forearm, w - Lower limb : buttocks, thigh, leg, ankle, foot

the head kevel and the eyes facing forward.

rist and hand

Planes and Sections Four major planes 1. Sagittal Vertical plane, divid a. Midsagittal p b. Parasagittal p 2. Coronal (frontal) pla Vertical plane, divid 3. Transverse (horizon Horizontal, divides 4. Oblique

des the body or organ into left and right sides. lane : Divides into equal left and right sides plane (para = near) : unequal left and right sides. ane des body into anterior and posterior sides. (Front and back) ntal) in superior and inferior parts. (upper and lower)

Body Cavities Spaces within the body that contains, protects, separates and supports internal org Cranial cavity - Cranial bones and brain Vertebral canal - Spine, backbones Thoracic cavity - Chest cavity There are three smaller cavities within the thoracic cavity 1. Pericardial cavity Surrounds the heart and contains a small amount of lubricating fluid 2. Pleural cavities There are two, each surrounds one lung and contains a small amount of lubric fluid. 3. Mediastinum Central portion, between lungs, contains all thoracic organs expect the lungs

Directional terms Describes the position of one body part relative to another

ans.

cating

Abdominopelvic cavity Divided into smaller co 1. Nine Abdominop Two horizontal l Right - Right hypochond - Right Lumbar re - Right inguinal re Middle - Epigastric region - Umbilical region - Hypogastric (pu Left - Left hypochondr - Left Lumbar reg - Left inguinal reg 2. Quadrants One horizontal l Ri h

y (subdivision) (ab-domio-pelvic) ompartments. There are two methods. pelvic regions ines and two verticals

Membranes (theoretic and

driac region gion gion n blic region) riac region ion ion ine and one vertical line

Membrane : thin tissue tha Eg. Serious membrane : c lines the walls of the There are two layers in the

abdominal cavities)

t covers, lines, partitions or connects structures. covers the viscera with the thoracic and abdominal cavities and thorax and abdomen. pericardium (thin sac that surrounds the heart)

Abdominopelvic cavity Extends from the diaphragm to the groin. This is divided into two portions. 1. Upper portion, abdominal cavity Contains : stomach, spleen, liver, most of the large intestines etc. 2. Lower portion, pelvic cavity Contains : urinary bladder, portions of the large intestines, reproductive syste

ms etc.

-

Right Right Upper Qua Right lower Qua Left Left Upper Quad Left lower Quad

adrant drant drant rant

1. Parietal layer (the wa 2. Visceral layer (covers The space between both lay movements. Serous layer of pleural cavi Serous layer of pericardial c Serous layer of abdominal c

lls of the cavity) the viscera) yers are lubricated, allows the viscera to slide during ties : pleura (lungs) cavity : pericardium (heart) cavity : peritoneum...