The Human Body 2016/17 PDF

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I. Number _______________________________ Desk No ______________ Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing Undergraduate Regulations April/ May Examinations 2015/16 Level 4 MODULE: PY4010: The Human Body DURATION: Three Hours Instructions to Candidates This paper contains THIRTY-NINE questions i...

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I.D. Number _______________________________ Desk No ______________

Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing Undergraduate Regulations April/ May Examinations 2015/16 Level 4 MODULE:

PY4010: The Human Body

DURATION:

Three Hours Instructions to Candidates

This paper contains THIRTY-NINE questions in THREE sections: Sections A, B, C Answer THIRTY-SEVEN questions only Section A: THIS SECTION HAS BEEN WITHHELD BY THE FACULTY (40% of the total marks) Section B: Answer ALL FIVE questions (30% of the total marks) Section C: Answer TWO of the FOUR questions only (30% of the total marks) ANSWER SECTION B IN THE SALMON ANSWER BOOK (APART FROM QUESTION 35, WHICH SHOULD BE ANSWERED ON THE EXAM PAPER) ANSWER EACH QUESTION FROM SECTION C IN A SEPARATE YELLOW ANSWER BOOK. THIS PAPER MUST BE HANDED IN WITH YOUR ANSWER BOOK CANDIDATES ARE PERMITTED TO BRING ONE APPROVED CALCULATOR INTO THIS EXAMINATION: from either Casio FX83 or Casio FX85 series (with any suffix), FX115MS, FX570ES or FX991ES Invigilators are under instruction to remove any other calculators Stationery

MCQ Answer Sheet Salmon Answer Book x1 Yellow Answer Books x2

Number of Pages 1-9

Section A

Answer ALL THIRTY questions

THIS SECTION HAS BEEN WITHHELD BY THE FACULTY

Continued…

1

Section B Answer ALL FIVE short answer questions Answer questions 31, 32, 33 and 34 in the salmon answer book Answer question 35 on the exam paper Recommended time for this section: 54 minutes 31.

List THREE mechanisms for each of the following:

(a)

DNA damage by endogenous sources

(b)

DNA damage by exogenous sources

32.

Describe three ways by which drugs that target cell cycling can prevent cancer cells from growing. In each case, give a named example of such a drug. (6 marks)

33.

Outline the pathway of calcium signalling from calcium sensor to effector for the following calcium sensors: calmodulin and troponin C.

(a)

Briefly describe their properties.

(b)

Define the effectors they activate and the muscle types they function in. (3 marks) (Total: 6 marks)

34. (a)

(3 marks) (3 marks) (Total: 6 marks)

(3 marks)

What is the proportion of CO2 carried in the red blood cells and in the plasma? (2 marks)

(b)

Give the equation and name the enzyme involved in the conversion of CO2 in the red blood cell (2 marks)

(c)

What is a related acid-base disorder due to obstructed breathing? (2 marks) (Total: 6 marks)

Continued…

2

I.D. Number _______________________________ Desk No ______________ Answer question 35 on the exam paper 35.

The diagram below shows the anatomical structure of the heart. Label the TWELVE structures indicated by the arrows. (0.5 marks per label) (Total: 6 marks)

Continued… 3

Section C Answer TWO of FOUR questions only Use a separate Yellow Answer Book for each question Recommended time for this section: 54 minutes 36.

Summarize the two main mechanisms that lead to cell death.

(a)

Describe the range and nature of environmental and endogenous causes of cell and tissue damage. (5 marks)

(b)

Define necrosis and apoptosis

(c)

Identify the biochemical and morphological differences between cells undergoing necrosis and apoptosis. (5 marks)

(d)

Identify intrinsic and extrinsic initiators of apoptosis.

37.

Discuss how accumulated damage to two classes of genes - oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes - is necessary for the development of cancer. (15 marks)

38.

Give an overview of the processes involved in excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle. Begin with the muscle being innervated by a neuron, through to contraction of the skeletal muscle fibre itself, and then the switching off of the neuronal signal and muscle relaxation. Illustrate your answer with diagrams wherever possible. (15 marks)

39.

The following table is from a report on a patient with lithium-induced diabetes insipidus.

Admission Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 12

(3 marks)

Glucose mmol/L

Sodium (mmol/L)

Urine volume (ml/24 hours)

8.6 5.8 7.4 6.9 4.9 9.2 6.3

137 159 158 158 148 160 136

11000 6800 4300 2850 5000 2800

(2 marks) (Total: 15 marks)

Desmopressin dose frequency (6 micro g) Three times daily Three times daily Three times daily stopped Three times daily stopped

(a)

What data in table 1 shows the hallmark signs of diabetes insipidus? (6 marks)

(b)

Suggest a plausible mechanism for how lithium might induce nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

(c)

(4 marks)

What is surprising about using desmopressin to treat nephrogenic diabetes insipidus? (5 marks) (Total: 15 marks) END OF EXAMINATION PAPER 4...