Introduction to Linguistics - Phones, Phonemes & Allophones PDF

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Englisch

21.11.2018

Phonology I: Phones, Phonemes & Allophones Phonetics vs. Phonology: Phonetics: how you make sounds! Phonology: how you use sounds - study of linguistic properties of speech sounds on their functional level! Two main levels of analysis:! 1. Segmental phonology! - phonemes (i.e. idealized sounds)! 2. Suprasegmental phonology! - combination of sounds (i.e. syllables, phonotactics, linking, assimilation, stress, intonation)! Phonemes & Allophones: PHONEME is the mental representation, and abstraction over all the various allophones of what we consider one sound! PHONE is the concrete physical realization of a speech sound! ALLOPHONE is a specific realization of a phoneme! ! e.g. /p/ - phoneme ! [pʰ] aspirated (released) ! [p] non-aspirated (released) ! [p# ] unreleased Phonology - Phonemic Analysis: - a phoneme is a meaning-distinguishing element! Minimal pair: pair of words with different meaning that differ in only one sound at the same place, e.g. /bed/ - /bæd/ ! More examples: pit /pɪt/ - bit /bɪt/ sit /sɪt/ - shit /ʃɪt/ knit /nɪt/ - wit /wɪt/ tick /tɪk/ - nick /nɪk/ → Tick and nick differ in meaning, so the different initial consonants must be! # # phonemes: /t/ vs. /n/! Phonemes & Allophones: - Phonemes distinguish meaning: they are minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a specific language! - Phonemes stand in CONTRASTIVE DISTRIBUTION, i.e. they can occur in the same phonological environment e.g. pit /pɪt/ - bit /bɪt/ ! - Allophones do NOT distinguish meaning ! - Allophones can stand in COMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTION, i.e. they never occur in the same phonological environment! - In phonological transcription, we do not need to distinguish [t] and [t˺] because their distribution can be predicted from the phonological environment (position and/or adjacent sounds)! Example exercise: pin vs. spin → [pʰ] and [p] are ALLOPHONES of the phoneme /p/ ! mill vs. plot → [ł] and [l] are ALLOPHONES of the phoneme /l/ ! sing vs. sin → /ŋ/ and /n/ are different PHONEMES !...