Introduction to Substance Abuse 11-12 PDF

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From Professor Robert Metzger...

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Chapter 11 Caffeine • Used regularly by many individuals • Caffeine can cause dependence and interfere with normal functioning Three Main Sources • Coffee: From Middle East • Tea: From China • Cacao: From America Coffee • Coffee usage started to spread • 1400s: Egypt • 1500s: Middle East • 1600s: Europe • Coffeehouses spread in England and France in the 17th century o Penny Universities: Locations where people could listen and learn from the literary and political figures of the period • “The Women’s Petition Against Coffee” Coffee Consumption in the United States • Increased usage after the British Act that taxed tea o Tory • Prohibition increased coffee consumption • Caffea Arabica: mild flavor, longer to develop after planting, and requires a near-tropical climate to grow properly • Caffea Robusta: stronger and bitter flavor Tea • Originated from China • Camellia sinensis: Evergreen tea tree • Legend: Daruma, the founder of Zen Buddhism, cut off his eyelids to remain awake while meditating o A plant grew where his eyelids remains landed • AD 350: Evidence for medicinal use • AD 780: Evidence for nonmedical use Tea and the American Revolution • American colonists were committed tea drinkers before the Revolution • Anger of tax on tea erupted o Smuggling of tea increased o “The Boston Tea Party” contributed Tea Production • Grown in China, Sri Lanka, India, and Indonesia • Picked by hand • Dried leaves are rolled to crush the cells and then they are places in a cool, damp place Types of Tea • Black tea: Fully oxidized leaves and higher concentration of caffeine • Green tea: Increased sales over time and non-oxidized leaves • Oolong tea: Partially oxidized leaves • Iced tea: Sold in 1904 for the first time and 85% of consumed tea in U.S. is iced

• Flavored teas: Contain mint, spices, and other substances • Herbal teas: Mixtures of plants and flowers but NO actual tea Caffeine in Tea • Pound for pound • Black tea has more caffeine than coffee beans • 40-60mg of caffeine per cup • Theophylline: Prescribed for use by asthmatics, but is present only in small amounts Chocolate • Aztecs • Legend: Cacao tree was a gift to humans from paradise from the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl • Cacao bean was important in economy and Aztec culture • Thick live honey, and flavored with vanilla • From Mayan words choc meaning “warm” and latl meaning “beverage” Chocolate Processing • Cacao pods dry in the sun then are roasted before removing husk • Kernels were ground to obtain a thick liquid (chocolate liquor) Xanthine Content in Chocolate • Theobromine o Unique xanthine in chocolate o Similar to caffeine, but less potent o Cocoa contains 200mg of theobromine and 4mg of caffeine Other forms of Caffeine • Caramel and fruit flavoring • Phosphoric acid • Caffeine • Cocaine in small amounts • Soft drinks • Energy drinks • Over the counter drugs (Vivarin) Caffeine Pharmacology • Key xanthine’s o Caffeine o Theophylline o Theobromine • Time course o Caffeine is absorbed rapidly if taken orally o Peak blood levels are reached 30 mins after intake o Half-life is about three hours

Chapter 12 Dietary Supplements: Food or Drug? • Both drugs and food contain chemicals that interact with the body’s ongoing physiology • Some dietary supplements can be through of as drugs o Saint John’s Wort (classified as a food product) Improves mood, reduces anxiety, and aids sleep Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act

Defines a drug as a product intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man • According to the Act, drug manufacturers must demonstrate that a drug is: o Safe when used as intended o Effective for its intended use • Must be safe and pure as well Regulation of Dietary Supplements • DSHEA, 1994 o Passed by congress because of pressure from the dietary supplement industry to limit the FDS’s role • DSHEA has made many important changes o Redefinition of dietary supplements to include herbs, amino acids, and concentrates and extracts of herbs o Redefinition of presumed safety o Vague health claims without proof are allowed • Recent rules that have emphasized safety o Good manufacturing practices rules o Adverse events reporting process o Dietary supplement safety act OTC Analgesics • Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug or N S A I D • Analgesic and anti-inflammatory Potential side effects • Nausea, stomach pain, and cramping • Overdose can lead to fatal liver damage OTC Cold and Allergy Products The all-too-common cold • Cold is a viral infection associated with rhinoviruses and coronaviruses • Symptoms include irritation on the upper respiratory tract, coughing, sneezing, and soreness and swelling of the mucous membranes • As a defense against infection, the mucous membranes release considerable fluid, which causes a runny nose and the postnasal drip that irritates the throat Virus transmission • Most cold viruses enter the body through the nostrils and eyes • Colds start by the fingers picking up viruses, either from hand-to-hand contact or from surfaces that have been contaminated within the past few hours • To reduce the risk of contracting a cold, people must frequently wash their hands OTC Cold, Allergy, and Sinus Medications Cold symptoms can be treated, not cured Modern cold remedies contain three common types of ingredients • Antihistamines for the temporary relief of runny nose and sneezing • Also used to relieve allergy symptoms • Most common antihistamine to be found in cold remedies is chlorpheniramine maleate • Sympathomimetic nasal decongestants for the temporary relief of swollen nasal membranes in the nasal passages • Also used in combination with analgesics to reduce swollen sinus passages and to treat sinus headaches •

• Most common nasal decongestant is phenylephrine • Analgesic antipyretics for the temporary relief of aches and pains and fever reduction, which is usually acetaminophen...