Introductory Psychology-EXAM #2- Spring 2021- Revised-NO Answers PDF

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INTRODUCTORY PSYCHOLOGY EXAMINATION #2

DR. GABRIEL G. FELDMAR

Please select the most appropriate answer: 1. The ______, ______ discovered the form of learning called _______ a. French physician, Pierre Pouchin, instrumental conditioning b. German psychiatrist, Gustav Brennen, classical learning c. Russian psychologist, Valadimir Pulskov, classical conditioning d. none of the above 2. When food is placed on a dog’s tongue, the dog naturally salivates. This reflexive behavior is called _______ a. unconditioned response b. unconditioned stimulus c. conditioned response d. conditioned stimulus e. none of the above 3. A(n) ______ stimulus is a stimulus that ______ conditioning does not produce a particular response. a. neutral, before b. conditioned stimulus, before c. acquired, during d. neutral, after e. both ‘b’ and ‘d’ 4. In classical conditioning the extinguished response is forgotten quickly. a. True b. False 5. Which of the following stimulus characteristics do not strengthen conditioned responses? a. frequency of pairings b. timing c. intensity of the conditioned stimulus d. none of the above 6. Which of the following statements is(are) false? a. excessive fears may be classically conditioned

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b. positive emotions may be classically conditioned c. drug cravings may be classically conditioned d. the immune system may be classically conditioned e. all of the above are true 7. The _________, coined by _______ states that responses that have satisfying effects are strengthened and become more likely to occur again in a given situation, whereas responses that lead to a discomfort are weakened and become less likely to recur. a. law of repetition, Thurstone b. effect, Thorndike c. pleasure, Thimber d. response strength, Thummer 8. Any form of reinforcement, whether positive or negative, strengthens behavior. a. true b. false 9. The belief called ________ holds that behavior, whether animal or human is completely determined by _________ influences. a. b. c. d.

radical behaviorism, environmental and genetic operant conditioning, positive associations relative operationism, inborn systemic behaviorism, biological

10. Which of the following is(are) an example(s) of a secondary reinforce? a. b. c. d. e.

money food praise water both ‘a’ and ‘c’

11. Responses are more resistant to extinction under a schedule of _______ reinforcement. a. continuous

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b. repetitive c. partial d. slow e. rapid 12. Variable-ratio schedules typically produce ______ rates of response. a. b. c. d. e.

high steady slow unpredictable both ‘a’ and ‘b’

13. Punishment and negative reinforcement result in the same behavioral effect. a. true b. false 14. ______ learning is learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement, and that is not displayed until reinforcement is provided. a. b. c. d. e.

observational cognitive insight latent none of the above

15. Sensory memory stores information for a period of _______. a. b. c. d. e.

six to seven minutes three to four minutes one to two minutes half a second to four seconds ten to fifteen seconds

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16. Most people can hold _________ pieces of information in short-term memory. a. b. c. d. e.

15 to 20 10 to 15 5 to 9 1 to 4 2 to 3

17. _______ is the process by which the brain converts unstable, fresh memories into stable, ________ memories. a. b. c. d.

condensation, sensory compression, short-term consolidation, long-term commodation, working

18. Short-term memory relies largely on ______ coding, and long-term memory depends more on ______ coding. a. acoustic, semantic b. visual, acoustic c. graphic, verbal d. linguistic, symbolic e. both ‘c’ and ‘d’ 19. ______ memory is memory of personal experiences; ______ memory is of general knowledge of the world. a. b. c. d.

episodic, semantic semantic, declarative episodic, retrospective retrospective, semantic

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20. According to ________ theory, ________ memory is ________. a. b. c. d. e.

continuity, sensory, mainly auditory compression, short-term, unstable constructionist, long-term, unreliable covalent, working, stable both ‘b’ and ‘d’

21. Sometimes we remember extremely stressful or emotionally arousing personal or historical events. These memories are called ______ memories, which are ______. a. b. c. d. e.

reconstructive, very stable flashlight, very accurate testimonial, very lasting explicit, very accurate flashbulb, often inaccurate

22. ______ coined the term ______ effect? a. b. c. d. e.

Elisa Lofman, information Elizabeth Loftus, misinformation Elmer Lofstein, misinterpretation Emily Lefmer, misrepresentation None of the above

23. Which of the following factor(s) is(are) associated with the accuracy of eyewitness testimony? a. b. c. d. e.

facial characteristics types of questions racial identification ease of recall all of the above

24. Learned material is best remembered with ______ practice. a. retroactive b. proactive

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c. reconstructive d. spaced e. massed 25. Interference occurring after material is learned, but before it is recalled is called ______ interference. a. b. c. d. e.

proactive repressed recurring referred none of the above

26. The retrieval process can break down as a result of _____. a. b. c. d. e.

flashlight interference encoding failure proactive decomposition excessive retrieval cues both ‘c’ and ‘d’

27. Paul wants to ask Mary out on a date but feels very anxious and fearful about the possibility of rejection by Mary. Paul is experiencing _______. a. b. c. d.

An approach-approach conflict An avoidance-avoidance conflict An approach-avoidance conflict A multiple approach-approach conflict

28. Which of the following is not a symptom of post traumatic stress disorder? a. b. c. d.

Intrusive memories and images of a traumatic experience Depression and anxiety Manic episodes characterized by pressured speech and excessive energy Emotional numbing

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29. Which statement(s) is(are) true about people with a Type A behavior pattern? a. b. c. d. e.

They have a strong sense of time urgency They tend to do everything fast They tend to be often hostile and angry They are at risk of developing coronary heart disease All of the above

30. According to ______, diseases of adaptation may develop in the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. a. b. c. d. e.

Henry Syms, alarm Hermann Sanders, residual Harry Serman, resistance Hans Selye, exhaustion Hugo Leystein, refractory

31. The _______ in the brain coordinates the endocrine system’s response to stress. a. b. c. d. e.

Hypothalamus Reticular formation Prefrontal cortex Medulla Pons

32. Both the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla are involved in the body’s stress regulatory process. a. True b. False 33. Which of the following statements about stress is false? a. Immune system functioning may be improved by the use of synthetic steroids. b. Antigens activate the immune system to produce antibodies.

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c. Continued secretion of corticosteroids impairs the functioning of the immune system. d. Writing about traumatic experiences helps reduce stress-related psychological and physical symptoms. 34. Which of the following is a buffer against stress? a. b. c. d.

Self-control Self-efficacy Self-sufficiency External locus of control

35. According to Sigmund Freud the ______ functions according to the ______ principle. a. b. c. d.

Superego, social Ego, reality Id, moral Unconscious, pleasure

36. An employer punches the wall after his supervisor gives him a poor performance evaluation. This defense mechanism is called _______. a. b. c. d. e.

Hostile deflection Repression Reaction formation Displacement Rationalization

37. Freud’s theory of personality development is called ________. a. b. c. d. e.

Psychocognitive Psychosexual Psychosocial Psychobiological Psychodevelopmental

38. The most widely used trait model of personality is the _______ model. a. Neuroticism

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b. c. d. e.

Introversion Five-factor Six-hierarchy Cardinal trait

39. Overall, about _____ percent of the variability in personality traits among people may be explained by genetics, whereas environmental factors account for about _____ percent. a. b. c. d.

10, 90 20, 80 40, 60 70, 30

40. According to Albert Bandura’s model of reciprocal determinism, _______ factors influence each other. a. b. c. d. e.

Motivation, genetics Epigenetics, learning, environment Skills, traits, motivation Cognition, behaviors, environment Behaviors, habits, experience...