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c o mmu n i c a t i o nwo r k s :( e )t y p o g r a ph i c a la r r a n g e me n t so fp u b l i s h e d Wa n g ’ ss pe c i a l i s ty e l l o wp a g e sd i r e c t o r yb e c a u s ei th a di n v o l v e da COPYRIGHT: DEFI NI TI ONS:I n t e l l e c t ua lPr o p e r t y( I P) :r e s ul t so f“ i n t e l l e c t u a la c t i v i t y e di t i on s . es e c o n dt e s to for i g i na l i t ya sd e v e l o p e di n mo d i c um o fc r e a t i v i t y .Th Nop r o t e c t i o ne xi s t sf o ra ni d e ao rc o n c e p ta l o n e .Co p y r i g h ts u b s i s t so n l y Au i nt h ei n d u s t r i a l ,s c i e n t i fic ,l i t e r a r y , o ra r t i s t i cfie l d s . ” ( a r t2 ,WI PO s t r a l i ai st h ea ut h o r s h i pt e s ta sa p p l i e di nT e l s t r avPh o n eDi r e c t or i e s i nt h ee x p r e s s i o no fa ni d e ao rc o n c e p t . ( b )Note v e r yp i e c eofp r i n t i n go r Co Co nv e n t i o n1 9 6 7 ) i c hd e t e r mi n e st ha tt h e r emu s tb ea ni d e n t i fia b l ea ut h o ro ft he mp an ywh I n t e l l e c t ua lPr o p e r t yLa w:“ r e g ul a t e st hec r e a t i o n ,us e ,a n de x p l oi t a t i o nof wr i t i ngt h a tc o n v e y si n f o r ma t i o nwi l lbes u b j e c tt oc o p y r i g h t . ( c )No wo r ka n dt h a tt he r eo u g h tt ob es u ffic i e n to r i g i n a l i t yi mp a r t e db yt he p r o t e c t i o nf orf a c t sp e rs eo rma t e r i a lc o n s i de r e dt ob ei nt h ep ub l i c me n t a lo rc r e a t i v el a b o u r ”( Be n t l y& Sh e r ma n ,2 0 09 ) a u t h o ri n t ot h ema t e r i a lf o r mo ft h ewo r k. d )Th eou t p uth a s d o ma i nn o rf o rf o r mt h a ti sdi c t a t e ds o l e l yb yf u n c t i o n .( Th el o c k e a nt h e or yo fl a b ou r / p r o p e r t ya n dap e r s o nsr i g ht st oc o n t r olt he t ofitt h ed e fin i t i o no fa“ wo r k”o nt h es t a t u t or yl i s tu n d e rS1 4 ( 1 ) .( e )Or i gi n a l i t yt h r e s h ol di nNe wZe a l a n dc a s e s :Th et h r e s h o l dh a sr e ma i n e d f r u i t so fy o u rl a b o u r . Theg e n e r a lr u l ei st h a tc o p y r i g h to wn e r s h i pfir s tv e s F t s i x a t i o ni sne c e s s a r yf o rs o mewor k s . l o w i g i na l i t yt e s t : u nt h ea c t u a la u t h o ro ft h ewo r k .Th e r ewa si n t e r n a t i o n a lpr e s s ur ef o rNZ Or S1 4( 2 )pr o v i d e san e g a t i v et e s tf o ror i g i na l i t y ( l o w)-Awo r ki sn o t n dT r a n s p o r t -Ve h i c l el o gb o o kwa sp r o t e c t e da sac o mp i l a t i o ni nLa t op r o t e c tI Pbe c a u s eo fi n t e r n a t i on a lt r a d er e l a t i o n s . o r i g i n a li f —( a )i ti s , o rt ot h ee x t e n tt h a ti ti s ,ac op yo fa n o t h e rwo r k ;o r Sa f e t yAu t h o r i t yo fNe wZe a l a n dvGl o g a u[ 1 9 9 9 ]1NZLR2 6 1( NZCA) GATT(Ge n e r a la g r e e me n to nt r a d e sa ndt a r i ffsa g r e e me n tWTO:t h i s ( b )i ti n f r i n g e st h ec o p y r i g hti n,o rt ot h ee x t e n tt h a ti ti n f r i n g e st h e o p y r i g h ti n , a no t h e rwo r k . wa swh a tb r o u g htu pt h ep r ot e c t i o na n de nf o r c e me n t .NZwa sap a r t yt o c -Ab e n c hma r k i n gs u r v e yt e mp l a t ewa sp r o t e c t e di nUn i v e r s i t yo fWa i k a t o GATTt h e nt h i sb e c a met h eWTOwhi c hNZwa sme me mb e ro fs i n c eJ a n Ho l df a s tNZLt dvHe n k e lKGa A[ 2 0 0 7]1NZLR3 3 6p e rBa r a g wa na t hJi nvBe nc h ma r k i n gS e r v i c e s[ 2 00 4 ]NZCA9 0 1 9 9 5 . CA‘ t oq u a l i f ya so r i g i n a lt h ewo r kmu s to r i g i n a t ef r o mi t sma ke r . ’ Te l e c omCo r po r a t i o no fNe wZe a l a n dLt dvCo l ou rPa g e s Tr a de Re l a t e dAs p e c t so fI n t e l l e c t u a lPr o p e r t yRi g ht sAgr e e me n t1 9 9 4 : Al t h o u g hs k i l la n dl a b o u rmu s tbee x p e nd e dt op r o d u c eawo r k ,i ti sn ot Th ep l a i n t i ffTe l e c o mp u b l i s h e dh a r da nde l e c t r o ni cv e r s i o n sofYe l l o w s i g n e di nMa r r a k e s ht h i spl a y e dap a r ti nt h ec r e a t i ono fWTOa n dc r e a t e dn e c e s s a r yf o rawo r kt obe‘ n o v e l ’o ra b s o l u t e l yne wa n di ti si mp o r t a n tn o tPa g e sb us i n e s st e l e p h o n ed i r e c t o r i e swi t ha ni n d e xo fc r o s sr e f e r e n c e s , oc o n f u s et heCo p yr i g h tAc t ’ sr e q u i r e me n to fo r i g i n a l i t ywi t ht h ePa t e n t t ami n i mu mma n d a t o r ys t a n d a r df o rp r o t e c t i o no fI PR’ s .t h i si sawa yt obe t r a d ec l a s s i fic a t i o n si na l p h a b e t i c a lo r d e r , b u s i n e s sl i s t i ng su n d e rv a r i o u s Ac t ’ sr e q u i r e me n to fn o v e l t y . a l i gn e dwi t hl e a d i n gi nt e r n a t i o n a lt r a d ep a r t ne r sa n dc r e a t i n ga n t r a d ec l a s s i fic a t i o nhe a d i ng sa swe l la sa d v e r t i s e me n t s . Co l ou rPa g e s Fr a n c i sDa y& Hu n t e rLt dvBr o n1 9 6 3 :a u t h o r i t yo nu n c o n s i o u sc o py i n g.pr e n v i r o n me ntc o n d uc i v et of o r e i gna n dd o me s t i ci n v e s t me n t . o d uc e dar i v a lbu s i n e s sd i r e c t o r yf o rAu c kl a n di n c l u d i n gd e t a i l e dma p s St a t u t eo fAn n e1 7 0 9a k aCA1 7 0 9 :wi t ht hei n v e n t i o no ft h ep r i n t i n g Lo r dJ us t i c eWi l me rn ot e dt h a ti ft h e r ewa spr o o foff a mi l i a r i t ya n dt h e oft h ea r e a .Th e r ewa se v i de n c et h a tCo l o urPa g e sh a da c qu i r e da n p r e s sbyGu t e n b e r gt h eCr o wnwa n t e dt oc on t r o lt h ep r i n t i n go fb o o k sf o rc o p i e rwa sa wa r eoft h ewo r ki n f r i n d g e dt h e nt hi sa mo un t st oa no ffe n c e e l e c t r on i cve r s i o no fTe l e c o m’ sYe l l o wPa g e st os t a r twi t hb u ts e v e r a l c e n s o r s h i ppu r p o s e s -r i g h t swe r eb a s e do na u t h o r i s h i p ( wh i c hh a sc a r r i e d wh e t h e rt h eDwa sa wa r eo fi to rn o t . e mp l o ye e sha ds p e n t6mo n t h sv e r i f y i n ge n t r i e sa n dr e a r r a n g i n g o n ) . Or i g i n a l i t yt e s t -S we a to ft h eb r o wt e s t :Wa l t e rvLa n e1 99 0t h i st e s t c l a s s i fic a t i on s .T e l e c o ms o u g h t a ni n j u n c t i ont or e s t r a i nCo l o u rPa g e sf r o m Co py r i g h t :p r o t e c t st h ef o r mi nwh i c ht h ei d e ai se xp r e s s e dn ott hei d e a d e t e r mi n e dt h a ti fs u ffic e n ta mo u n to fs k i l la n dl a b o urh a sb e e ni nv e s t e d i n pr o d uc i n ga n y mo r ef ora n yo t h e rCBDa r e a s .I ta r g u e dt h e“ s we a to ft h e u t o ma t i cp r o t e c t i o no fo r i gi n a ll i t e r a r ya nd i t s e l f . c r e a t u r eo fs t a t u t e .a awo r k ,i twi l lb eo r i g i n a l . o w”t e s ta p p l i e d .Co l o u rpa ge sc i t e dFe i s tb uti twa sn otbi n d i n gb e i n ga a r t i s t i cwo r k sf o ral i mi t e dt i meb a l a nc e da g a i n s tt h ep ub l i ci n t e r e s t . No Th n k e lvHo l d f a s tNe w br i st e s twa sdi s c u s s e db yt h eSu pr e meCo u r ti nHe U S c a s e .Mc Ge c h a nJf o u n dt h a tt hel e g a ls i t u a t i o nwa sn o ta ta l lc l e a ra n d Ze a l a n dTi p p i n gJa ffir me dt h et e s ta n dh e l dt h a tt h ep ur po s eo fc o p y r i g h t r e g i s t r a t i o nr e q u i r e d . Ar o s ea f t e rt h ei n v e n t i o no ft h ep r i nt i n gp r e s s . wo ul dn o tgi v et h ei n j u n c t i o n .Hes a i di twa sa ni mp o r t a n tp o l i c yi s s u ea n d Ex c l u s i v er i g h to ft heo wn e r ( a u t h o rc a nb ed i ffe r e ntf r o mo wn e r )t h eAc ti st o“ r e c o g n i s ea n dp r o t e c tt hes k i l la n dl a b o u ro ft h ea u t h o ro ft h e h ou l dn o tb ed e c i d e do na ni n t e r i mb a s i s . I nt h er e s u l th er e qu i r e dCo l ou r c a l l st her i g h t sr e s t r i c t e da c t s -a c t sp e op l ema yno tc a r r yo u tu n l e s st he y c o p y r i g h two r k ”t h i sq u o t ea ffir mst h er a t i o n a l eo ft h e“ s we a ta n db r o ws ” a r et h eo wn e r . t e s ta sp r o t e c t i n gs ki l la n dl a b ou ri n v e s t e di nwo r k Pa g e st oh o l da$ 3 00 , 0 00d e p o s i tf o rp u r p os eo fd a ma g e si nc a s eTe l e c o m Co py r i g h tAc t1 9 9 4 ( s i mi l a rt oUKa c tc o p y r i g h td e s i g n sa n dp a t e n t sa c t : S a wk i n svHy p e r i o nRe c o r d sLt d[ 2 0 0 5 ]Then o t i o nt ha ti n d e p e n d e n ts ki l ls h ou l dwi nafin a lj ud g me n ta f t e raf u l lh e a r i n g .Co l o u rPa g e sc o ul dn o t b u tt e r mf o rp r o t e c t i o nh e r ei s5 0y e a r st h e r ei ti s7 0y e a r s )Thea c t s a ndl a b o u ri st h ea c c e p t a b l et h r e s h o l dwa sr e vi s i t e da n df o u ndt ob es t i l l bo t hfin dt h emo n e ya n dp r o c e e dwi t hi t sp l a n s .I nt h er e s u l t–p r a c t i c a l l y r e s t r i c t e db yc o p yr i g h ti ns1 6 ( 1 )CAa r et h er i g h t :( a )t oc o p yt h ewo r k : g oo dl a wb yUn i t e dKi n g d o mCA.Sa wki n s ,amu s i c o l o g i s t ,s o u g h tt o Te l e c o m wo n . e p l i c a t ea sc l o s e l ya sp o s s i bl ef o u rl i t t l ek n ownwo r k sb ya1 7 t ha n de a r l y ( b )t oi s s u ec o p i e soft h ewo r kt ot h ep u b l i c ,wh e t h e rb ys a l eo ro t h e r wi s e :r 1 8 t hc e n t u r yc o mp o s e rLa l a nd et ha th a dl o n gb e e ni nt h ep u b l i cd o ma i n . Noc ( c )t op e r f o r mt h ewor ki np ub l i c :( d )t op l a yt h ewo r ki np u b l i c :( e )t o o p yr i g h te x i s t si na n yo ft h ef o l l o wi n gwo r k s ,wh e n e v e rt h o s ewo r k s s h o wt h ewo r ki np u b l i c :( f )t oc o mmu n i c a t et h ewo r kt ot h ep u b l i c :( g )t o Sa wki n ss u c c e s s f u l l yc l a i me dc o p y r i g h ti nh i se ffo r t sa smu s i c a lwo r k s we r ema d e :( a )a n yBi l li n t r o d u c e di n t ot h eHo u s eo fRe pr e s e n t a t i v e s :( b ) ma k ea na d a p t a t i o no ft h ewor k :( h )t od oa n yoft h ea c t sr e f e r r e dt oi na n ya l t h o u g hs t r i c t l ys pe a k i n gh eh a dn o tp r o d u c e da n yn e wmu s i c . a n yAc ta sd e fin e di ns e c t i o n4o ft h eAc t sI n t e r pr e t a t i onAc t1 9 9 9 :( c )a n y o fp a r a g r a p h s( a )t o( f )i nr e l a t i o n t oa na d a p t a t i o noft h ewo r k :( i )t o Fr a n c i sDa y& Hu n t e rLt dvBr o n1 9 6 3 ( h i g ht h r e s h o l dc a s e )a u t h o r i t yo n r e g u l a t i o n s :( d )a n yb y l a wa sd e fin e di ns e c t i o n2o ft h eBy l a wsAc t1 91 0 : a u t h o r i s ea n o t h e rp e r s o nt od oa n yo ft h ea b o v ea c t s . u n c o n s i o u sc o py i n gt h i sma yr e s u l ti nl a c ko fo r i g i n a l i t y .Lo r dJ u s t i c e ( e )t h eNe wZe a l a ndPa r l i a me n t a r yDe b a t e s :( f )r e po r t so fs e l e c t Ze c c o l avUn i v e r a lCi t yS t u d i o sI n c1 98 2 :Un i v e r s a lPi c t u r e st o o ka c t i o n , Wi l me rn o t e dt h a ti ft h e r ewa sp r o o fo ff a mi l i a r i t ya n dt h ec o p i e rwa s c o mmi t t e e sl a i db e f o r et h eHo u s eofRe p r e s e n t a t i v e s :( g)j ud g me n t so fa n y b o t hi nAu s t r a l i aa n di no t h e rc ou n t r i e sa r o u n dt h ewo r l d ,t os t opt h e a wa r eo ft h ewo r ki n f r i n d g e dt h e nt h i sa mo u n t st oa no ffe n c ewh e t h e rt h e c o u r to rt r i bu n a l :( h )r e p or t sofRo y a lc o mmi s s i on s ,c ommi s s i o n so f s h o wi n go fafil mc a l l e dGr e a tWh i t e ,whi c hi ta r g u e di n f r i ng e dc o py r i g h t Dwa sa wa r eo fi to rn o t . i n q u i r y ,mi n i s t e r i a li n qu i r i e s ,o rs t a t u t or yi nq u i r i e s . i nt h eb o o k, s c r e e np l a ya n dfil mJ a ws .Wh i l et h ed i a l o g u ewa sd i ffe r e n t , a ss e tamu c hh i g h e rt hr e s h o l df o ro r i g i n a l i t ye s pe c i a l l yi n T h eUSh t h es i mi l a r i t i e sb e t we e nt h efil mswe n twe l lb e y o n dt h es i mp l ei d e ao ft h e r e l a t i o nt oc o mp i l a t i o n swh i c ha r ea r r a n g e me n t so ff a c t swh i c ha r ef r e e .– Fi x at i o n:I no r d e rf o rawo r kt obep r ot e c t a b l e ,i tmu s tb efix e di na p l ot( i . e . ,as h a r kt e r r or i s i n gac o a s t a lc o mmu ni t y ) . Fe i s tPu b l i c a t i o n sI n cvRu r a lT e l e p h o n eSe r v i c eCoTh eUSSu pr e me t a n g i b l eme d i u mo fe xp r e s s i on . Awo r ki sc o n s i d e r e dfix e dwh e ni ti s S2d e fin i t i o n s ,e . g . :Ar t i s t i cwo r kme a n s —( i )ag r a p h i cwo r k, Cou r tr e f u s e dt oa p p l yt h es we a to ft h eb r o wt e s twh i c hh a dt r a d i t i o n a l l y s t o r e do ns o meme d i u mi nwh i c hi tc a nb ep e r c e i ve d ,r e p r od u c e d ,o r p h o t o g r a p h ,s c u l p t u r e ,c o l l a g e ,o rmo d e l ,i r r e s p e c t i v eofa r t i s t i cq u a l i t y ; b e e na p p l i e di nt h a tc o u n t r y .I tf o u n dn oc o p y r i g h ti nt h ep l a i n t i ff’ swh i t eot h e r wi s ec ommun i c a t e d . Fo re x a mp l e ,as o n gc a nb efix e dbywr i t i n gi t S1 4( 1 )s t a t e s :Co p y r i g h ti sap r o p e r t yr i gh tt h a te x i s t s ,i na c c o r d a n c ewi t hp a g e st e l e p h o n ed i r e c t o r yf o rwa n to f“ a tl e a s ts o memi ni ma ld e g r e eo f do wno nap i e c eo fp a pe r .Thep a pe ri st h eme di u mo nwh i c ht h es on gc a n t h i sAc t ,i no r i g i n a lwo r k so ft h ef o l l o wi n gd e s c r i p t i o n s :( a )l i t e r a r y , c r e a t i v i t y” .-CfPu b l i c a t i o n sI n cvCh i n a t o wnT o d a yPu b l i s h i n g9 4 5F2 d bep e r c e i v e d ,r e p r o d u c e da n dc o mmu n i c a t e d .I ti snotn e c e s s a r yt ha tt h e d r a ma t i c ,mu s i c a l ,ora r t i s t i cwo r k s :( b)s o u n dr e c o r d i n g s :( c )fil ms :( d )5 0 9( 2 ndCi r1 9 9 1 ) .Th ec o u r ti nt h i sc a s ep r ot e c t e dt h ed e f e n d a n t ’ sMs

me d i um b es u c ht h a tah u ma nc a np e r c e i v et h ewo r k ,a sl o n ga st h ewo r k t Or a k aT e c h no l o g i e sLt dvGe o s t e lVi s i o n[ 2 0 1 0 ]NZCA23 2Th eCAn ot e d h ewo r k,f ort hep u r po s e so fs a l eo rh i r e . ▪Wh e r ea r t i s t i cwo r k sa r e c a nb ep e r c e i v e db yama c h i n e .Th us ,t h es o n gi sa l s ofix e dt h emo me n ti n d u s t r i a l l ya p p l i e d-t h e ya r ep r o t e c t e df o ro n l y1 6y e a r sf r o mt h eda t eo ft h er a t i o n a l ef o rt het r a d i t i o n a lr ul ea ss u mma r i s e db yt h eDe p a r t me n to f t h ea ut h o rr e c or d si to nav o i c er e c o r d e r .S i mi l a r l y ,ac o mp u t e rp r o g r a mi st h e i ri n d u s t r i a lr e p r o d u c t i o n .Th i se x e mp t i o nc o v e r ss c u l p t u r e st ha ta r e J u s t i c ei naLa wRe f o r mDi v i s i o nRe p o r ti n1 99 4 .Qu o t e :“ Th e r ea r et wo fix e dwh e ns t o r e do nac o mp u t e r ' me mo r y . I nf a c t , c o u r t sh a v ee v e nh e l dc a s t so rp a t t e r n sf o ro b j e c t st h a tha v eap r i ma r i l yu t i l i t a r i a nf u n c t i o n ,e g r e a s o n sf ort h ee x i s t e n c eoft heCo mmi s s i o n i n gRu l e .On ei st ha ti fawo r k t h a tac o mpu t e rp r o g r a mi sfix e dwh e ni te x i s t si nt h eRAM o fa l i k et h el a v a t o r yp a nc on n e c t o ri nBu c k o . ▪Wh e r ewo r k so fa r t i s t i c i sma d ep u r s u a n tt oac o mmi s s i o na n dh a sb e e np a i df o r , t h ec o mmi s s i o n e r c omp u t e r . c r a f t s ma n s h i pa r ei n du s t r i a l l yr e p r o d u c e d–t h epr o t e c t i o np e r i odi s25 s h ou l db ee n t i t l e dt oc op y r i g h ti nt h ewo r k .I nma n yi n s t a nc e s ,t h e s1 5Co p yRi g h t sAc ts h o wsr e c o r d i n gi sn e e d e df o rs o mewor k s ( 1 ) y e a r s .The r ei sa l s os p e c i a lp r o v i s i o nu n d e rs2 6CAf o rc r ownc o p y r i g ht c o mmi s s i on e rwi l lo f t e nh a v ed i r e c t e do ri n flu e n c e dt h en a t u r eo ft h ewo r k Co py r i g h td o e sn o te xi s ti nal i t e r a r yo rd r a ma t i co rmus i c a lwo r ku n l e s s wh i c hf o rmos two r k sl a s t s1 0 0y e a r s . c r e a t e d .Th eo t h e rr a t i o n a l ei st h a two r k ss u c ha sp h ot o g r a p h s ,p a i n t i n g s a n du n t i lt hewo r ki sr e c o r d e d,i nwr i t i n go rot h e r wi s e . Owne r s hi p& a ut ho r s hi p:Own e r s h i pi sama t t e ro fa gr e e me n twh e r e a s a n de v e npl a n sa r ef r e qu e n t l yc o mmi s s i o n e db yme mb e r soft h ep u b l i cf o r ( 2 )I ti si mma t e r i a lf o rt hep u r p o s e so fs u b s e c t i on( 1)whe t h e rt h ewor ki sa ut h o r s h i pi sama t t e ro fs t a t u s pr i v a t eord o me s t i cp u r p o s e s .Th e s ep e o p l ewi l lu s u a l l yn o ta p p r e c i a t et h e r e c o r d e db yo rwi t ht hec o n s e n to ft h ea u t h o r . e x i s t e n c eo rt h ei mp l i c a t i o n so fc o p y r i g h tp r o t e c t i ona n dwo ul dn o tbe ee c o n o mi cr i g h t s( t h e‘ r e s t r i c t e da c t s ’ )s e to u ti ns1 6CAb e l on gt o Wa l t e rvLa n e :Eng l i s ha n dNZc o p y r i g h tl a wh a sc h a n g e di nr e l a t i ont o Th i k e l yt ob a r ga i nt oob t a i nc o p y r i g ht . ” wn e r sn ota u t h o r s . Mo r a lr i g h t ss e to u ti nPa r t4oft h eAc ta r eg i v e nt o l t h et r e a t me n to ffix a t i o no fl i t e r a r ywo r k ss i n c et h ec a s ewa sd e c i d e di no 1 9 0 0 . No wa da y si fs o me o n ede l i v e r sas p e e c hwi t h o u tn o t e sa n dt he a ut h o r so fwo r k sn o to wn e r s . Au t h o r swh op a r twi t ho wn e r s h i pr e t a i nn o Own e r s h i pa n dCr o wnCo p y r i g h tNo t et hes p e c i a lo wn e r s h i pr u l e s s p e e c hi sr e c o r d e d ,t h ea c to fr e c o r d i n gi ss a i dt ofixt h es pe e c ha sa e c o no mi cr i g h t s .Fo re x a mp l e ,t h e r ei snod r o i td es u i t ei nNZ. p p l y i n gt oCr o wnc o py r i g h two r k su n d e rs2 6CA.Whe r eawo r ki sma d e l i t e r a r ywo r ka n dc o p y r i g hti ni tb e l o n gst ot h es p e a k e r .Wi l lme r e l y S5o fCAd e fin e st h eme a n i n g so fa na u t h o r . Th e r ec a nb emo r et h a no n ea yap e r s o ne mp l o y e do re n g a g e db yt h eCr o wnu n d e rac o n t r a c tof ut h o rb u tt ha td o e s n ’ tme a ne v e r y o n ehe l p sb r i n gt h ewo r ki n t oe x i s t e n c e b r e c o r d i n gawo r k( t ha ti st os a yma ki n ga‘ s e r vi l e ’c o p y )a l l o wap e r s o nt oa s e r v i c e ,ac o n t r a c to fa pp r e n t i c e s h i p , o rac o n t r a c tf o rs e r v i c e s— t h e i sa na u t h o r . b e c o meaj o i n ta u t h o r / o wn e rofal i t e r a r ywor k ?Fi x a t i o nn o tt h es a me owni st h efir s to wn e ro fa n yc o p y r i g h ti nt h ewor k .Co p y r i g h ti ns u c ha t h i n ga sp e r ma n e n c e– n or u l et h a ta nyp h y s i c a lma n i f e s t a t i o nofawo r k J o i n ta u t h or s h i p :CAs6 :awo r kp r od u c e db yt h ec o l l a bo r a t i o no f2o r Cr r ki sr e f e r r e da sCr o wnc o p y r i g h t ,e v e ni ft h ec o p y r i gh ti sa s s i gn e dt o h a st oe x i s ti fa ni n f r i n g e me ntc a s ec o me st ot r i a l–Wh a mOMFGCov mor ea u t h o r si nwh i c ht h ec o nt r i b u t i o no fe a c ha u t h o ri sn o tdi s t i nc tf r o m wo a n o t h e rp e r s o n .Cr o wnc o p y r i g h te xp i r e s, —( a )I nt h ec a s eo fa t h a to ft heo t h e ra u t h o ro ra u t h o r s . Li n c o l nI n d u s t r i e sLt d y p o gr a p h i c a la r r a n g e me n to fap u b l i s h e de d i t i o n , a tt h ee n do ft h epe r i o d Qua l i fic a t i o n:s1 7CAs t a t e sa n“ o r i g i n a l ”“ wo r k ”q u a l i fie sf o rc o p y r i g P h r t i o rvLan d s d o wn ePr e s sPt yLt d :me nt i o n e dt h ec o n c e p to f“ t e n a n t si n t of2 5y e a r sf r o mt h ee n do ft hec a l e n d a ry e a ri nwh i c ht h ewo r ki sma d e : c o mmo n ”a n dh o l de q u a ls h a r e si nc o p y r i g h t . i fr e q ui r e me n t so fs1 8o r1 9o r2 0a r eme t . b )I nt h ec a s eofa n yot h e rwo r k ,a tt h ee n doft hep e r i o dof1 0 0y e a r s S1 8 :1 . Th ea ut h o ri saNZc i t i z e n ,d o mi c i l e do rr e s i d e n ti nNZo rabo d y Do n o g h u evAl l i e dNe ws pa p e r s[ 1 9 3 8] -a ma n u e n s i sn ota na u t h o r , me r e l y ( f r omt h ee n do ft h ec a l e n d a ry e a ri nwh i c ht h ewo r ki sma d e . i n c o r p o r a t e du n d e rNZLa w. p r o v i d i n gi d e a sd o e sn o tl e a dt oj o i n t a u t h o r s h i p . I nf r i ng e me nt :Pr i ma r yi n f r i ng e me n t-d e fin e db yr e f e r e nc et oo neo ft he 2 . Th ea u t h ori sac i t i z e n , d omi c i l e do rr e s i d e nti napr e s c r i b ...