ISB 202 Exam Study Guide PDF

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ISB 202 EXAM - BRISCO MCCANN / WYCOFF

EXAM includes Modules 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2 (will have 3.1 and 3.2 soon) my key: !!! = something i think is Really Important ● (dot) = I am not sure these will be on the test but it may be good to know them * (star) = how I think of it/ what I use to remember the meaning* _ (Horizontal lines after vocab/ notes) = move on to the next section below.

1.1 + 1.2 NOTES SCIENTIFIC METHOD PROCESS:

!!! Independent vs Dependent Variables. An independent variable is changed or controlled in order to test the effects on the dependent variable. A dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment.

● Science is defined as a body of knowledge (facts and explanations) about the natural world and the process used to get that knowledge The “body of knowledge” constantly changes as facts, figures, and understandings are revised. The “process” part of science is a standard method that enables scientists to test ideas by gathering evidence and then evaluating the quality of that evidence. ● Observations are pieces of information detected with the senses, or with equipment that extends our senses ● Empirical evidence is the information gathered from observation of physical phenomena. ● Scientific method : the procedure scientists use to empirically test a hypothesis ● Inferences: conclusions drawn based on observation ● Hypothesis: an inference that proposes a possible explanation for what we have observed and is based on some previous knowledge

VOCAB MODULE 1.1 AND 1.2 Applied science: research whose findings are used to help solve practical problems Empirical science: a scientific approach that investigates the natural world through systematic observation and experimentation Sustainable development : development that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to do the same Social traps: decisions by individuals or groups that seem good at the time and produce a short- term benefit but that hurt society in the long run. Peer review: a process whereby researchers submit a report of their work to outside experts who evaluate the study’s design and results to determine whether it is of a high enough quality to publish Statistics: the mathematical evaluation of experimental data to determine how likely it is that any difference observed is due to the variable being tested Correlation: two things occurring together but not necessarily having a cause-and-effect relationship

Cause-and-effect relationship: an association between two variables that identifies one (the effect) occurring as a result of or in response to the other (the cause)

1.3 NOTES ● acute effect: occurs very rapidly after exposure ● chronic effect : only after repeated long-term exposure to low doses of a toxic substance ● logical fallacies : literary devices used to confuse or sway the audience to accept a claim or position in the absence of evidence, or by twisting the evidence

VOCAB 1.3

Carcinogens: cause cancer Tobacco smoke *carcinogen has a C, cancer has a C* Mutagens: damage DNA directly X-rays, UV *mutates dna - muta:mutate, gen:gene* Teratogens: cause birth defects by disrupting normal embryonic development *teratogen - genes at birth may be affected* Thalidomide Poisons: damage or kill cells, or disrupt biochemical processes Lead (neurotoxin) *poisons kill* Sensitizers: with repeated exposure can lead to skin or respiratory allergic response *sensitizer = sensitivity/ sensitive reaction* Urushiol oil of poison ivy, chemical solvents Endocrine disruptors: interfere with the body’s system of hormones polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) *Endocrine affects hormones* Potency: the dose size required for a chemical to cause harm Persistence: a measure of how resistant a chemical is to degradation

Solubility: the ability of a substance to dissolve in a water- or fat-based liquid or gas.

2.1 NOTES (yellow was blinding) ● Biomes can be divided into three broad categories: ○ Terrestrial ○ Marine ○ Freshwater ● Biotic Factors = The living (organic) components of an ecosystem ● Abiotic Factors= The nonliving components of an ecosystem CYCLES -

Carbon cycle: is movement of carbon through biotic and abiotic parts of an ecosystem

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Nitrogen cycle: A continuous series of natural processes by which nitrogen passes from the air to the soil, to organisms, and then returns back to the air or soil.

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Phosphorus cycle: a series of natural processes by which phosphorus moves from rock to soil or water, to living organisms, and back to soil

VOCAB 2.1

Species: a group of plants or animals that has a high degree of similarity and can generally interbreed only among themselves Biosphere: the total area on Earth where living things are found; the sum total of all its biomes.

Biome: one of many distinctive types of ecosystems determined by climate and identified by the predominant vegetation and organisms that have adapted to live there Ecosystem: all of the organisms in a given area plus the physical environment in which, and with which, they interact Community: all the populations (plants, animals, and other species) living and interacting in an are Niche: the role a species plays in its community, including how it gets its energy and nutrients, what habitat requirements it has, and what other species and parts of the ecosystem with which it interacts. Population: all the individuals of a species that live in the same geographic area and are able to interact and interbreed. Habitat: the physical environment in which individuals of a particular species can be found. Matter cycles: movement of life’s essential chemicals or nutrients through an ecosystem. Energy flow: the one-way passage of energy through an ecosystem. Photosynthesis: the chemical reaction performed by producers that uses the energy of the Sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen. Limiting factor: the critical resource whose supply determines the population size of a given species in a given ecosystem. Range of tolerance: the range, within upper and lower limits, of a limiting factor that allows a species to survive and reproduce

2.2 NOTES

● The size, distribution, and growth rate of populations in an ecosystem are influenced by availability of resources and the presence of other species, like predators. ○ Determining the factors that affect a given population is an important part of managing it, especially for populations that are endangered ● Population’s distribution within its range is influenced by behavioral and ecological factors

● r-selected & K-selected ○ r=biotic potential ○

K=carrying capacity

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DISTRIBUTION TYPES: -

UNIFORM: Individuals are spaced evenly, perhaps due to territorial behavior or mechanisms

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RANDOM:Individuals are spread out over the environment irregularly, with no discernible pattern.

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CLUMPED:Individuals are found in groups or patches within the habitat

VOCAB 2.2 Population:all the individuals of a species that live in the same geographic area and are able to interact and interbreed Range: the geographic area where a species or one of its populations can be found Population distribution: the location and spacing of individuals within their range Carrying capacity:the maximum population size that a particular environment can support indefinitely Population density:the number of individuals per unit area

Population growth Rate: the change in population size over time that takes into account the number of births and deaths as well as immigration and emigration numbers Growth factors: resources individuals need to survive and reproduce that allow a population to grow in number Resistance factors: things that directly (predators, disease) or indirectly (competitors) reduce population size Biotic potential (r): maximum rate at which the population can grow due to births if each member of the population survives and reproduces

2.3 NOTES Module 2.3 ● Ecological communities = complex assemblages of all the different species that can potentially interact in an area. ● All the pieces of the ecological community are connected; (This means ecosystems are often negatively affected by human impact.) ● Understanding the interconnections within the communities may allow us to better protect and even help restore damaged ecosystems. ! Important ! ! populations together make up the communities! ! all energy comes from THE SUN! ! some things can be both producers and consumers: venus fly trap!

Trophic Pyramid Symplified ● Primary consumers eat producers -> Secondary consumers eat primary consumers -> Tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers -> Many consumer species often feed at more than one trophic level

● Symbiotic interactions show a tremendous interdependency on the part of the participants.

The 3 types of symbiosis: ● Mutualism: +/+ ● Commensalism: +/o ● Parasitism: +/-

VOCAB 2.3:

Community Ecology: the study of all the populations, including plants, animals, and other species living and interacting in an area. Niche: the unique role a species plays in its community, including how it gets its energy and nutrients, what habitat requirements it has, and with which other species and parts of the ecosystem it interacts. Niche Specialist: species with very specific habitat or resource requirements that restrict where it can live. Niche Generalist: a species that occupies a broad niche because it can utilize a wide variety of resources. Food Chain : a simple, linear path starting with a plant or other photosynthetic organism that identifies what each the organism in the path eats. Food Web: a linkage of all the food chains together that shows the many connections in the community. Producers: photosynthetic organisms that capture energy directly from the sun and convert it to food. Consumers: organisms that gain energy and nutrients by eating other organisms.

Indicator species: Species that are particularly vulnerable to ecosystem perturbations and that, when we monitor it, can give us advance warning of a problem. Resilience: the ability of an ecosystem to recover when it is damaged or perturbed Species diversity: the variety of species in an area; includes measures of species richness and evenness. Species richness: the total number of different species in community Species evenness: the relative abundance of each species in a community Ecotones: regions of distinctly different physical areas that serve as boundaries between different communities Edge effect: the different physical makeup of an ecotone that creates different conditions that either attract or repel certain species. Keystone species: a species that impacts its community more than its mere abundance would predict, often altering ecosystem structure Symbiosis: a close biological or ecological relationship between two species Predation: species interaction in which one individual, the predator, feeds on another, the prey Competition:species interaction in which individuals are fighting for limited resources Intraspecific competition: occurs between members of the same species Interspecific competition: occurs between members of different species

Resource partitioning: a strategy in which different species use different parts or aspects of a resource rather than compete directly for exactly the same resource Restoration ecology: the science that deals with the repair of damaged or disturbed ecosystems Ecological succession: progressive replacement of plant and then animal species in a community over time due to the changing conditions that the plants themselves create Primary succession: ecological succession that occurs in an area where no ecosystem existed before, such as on bare rock with no soil Pioneer species: plant species that moves into an area during early stages of succession; these are often r-species Secondary succession: ecological succession that occurs in an ecosystem that has been disturbed; occurs more quickly than primary succession because soil is present

3.1 NOTES Module 3.1 ● human activities are introducing changes so quickly that some species cannot adapt fast enough to survive and are going extinct; ● Only traits that are heritable can influence the evolution of a population ● Background rate of extinction: the average rate of extinction that occurred before the appearance of humans or that occurs between mass extinction event ●

VOCAB 3.1 Invasive species: a non-native species (a species outside its range) whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health Extinction: the complete loss of a species from an area; extinction may be local or global Alleles: variants of genes that account for the diversity of traits seen in a population Selective pressure: a nonrandom influence that affects who survives or reproduces Natural selection: the process by which organisms best adapted to the environment (the fittest) survive to reproduce, leaving more offspring than less well-adapted individuals. Mutation: the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes. Genetic recombination: the production of eggs and sperm results in a shuffling of alleles, which creates new combinations in offspring Coevolution: a special type of natural selection in which two species each provide the selective pressure that determines which traits are favored by natural selection in the other. Bottleneck effect:the situation that occurs when population size is drastically reduced, leading to the loss of some genetic variants, and resulting in a less diverse population

Adaptations: a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment. Endangered: describes a species that faces a very high risk of extinction in the immediate future. Genetic drift: the change in gene frequencies of a population over time due to random events that result in the loss of some gene variant Founder effect: the situation that occurs when a small group with only a subset of the larger population’s genetic diversity becomes isolated Mass Extinctions: when species have gone extinct at much greater rates than during intervening times. Artificial selection: a process in which humans decide which individuals breed and which do not in an attempt to produce a population with desired traits

3.2 NOTES Biodiversity consists of three different levels of diversity: genetic, species and ecological.

VOCAB 3.2 Genetic diversity : the heritable variation among individuals of a single population or within the species as a whole Species diversity: the variety of species, including how many are present (richness) and their abundance relative to each other (evenness) Ecological diversity: the variety within an ecosystem’s structure,

including many communities, habitats, niches, and trophic levels

POLLS - Define adaptation: certain genetic traits, - What describes the Change in gene frequency within a population : Evolution - DESCRIBES RANGE OF VARIATION AMONG INDIVIDUALS OF SINGLE SPECIES: Genetic diversity - Complete loss of a species: extinction - Define Extirpation: species or population no longer exists within a certain geographical location. -

Define Introduced species: A species that has been intentionally or inadvertently brought into a region or area. Also called an exotic or non-native species....