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JAMES JOYCE (1882-1941) James Joyce was born in Dublin. ! He lived in Paris, Trieste and Zurich. ! He met Italo Svevo. ! He published poems short stories and novels. ! His most famous works: Dubliners (1914) and Ulysses (1922) ! The writings of Joyce make frequent use of interior monologue. ! Through this technique the writer almost disappears and the reader finds himself directly inside a character’s mind. ! Another charatteristic of Joyce’s writing is the “peaks of intensity” in the narration that he calls “Epiphanies”. ! An epiphany is a sudden revelation. ! It is something that gives the reader a deeper insight into the truth of things (recognition of meaning) !

Dubliners (1914): The Dublin represented by Joyce is not fixed and static, it is ‘the revolutionary montage of “Dublins” through a range of historical juxtapositions and varied styles’. ! The 15 stories of the Dubliners, though set in the same city, are not united by their geography: each story has a singular location. The evocation of his town in A Portrait of the Artist is deeply influenced by Joyce’s prolonged temporal and spatial distance; Dublin is filtered through Stephen’s mind. Dubliners is a collection of short stories by Joyce. ! They form a realistic portrait of the lives of ordinary people in Dublin and the city it self is a real portagonist of the novel. ! The stories are arranged in 4 groups which correspond to the 4 phases of life: ! - CHILDHOOD ! - ADOLESCENCE ! - MATURITY ! - PUBLIC LIFE ! A recurrent theme in all the stories is the feeling of paralysis that many of the character experience. ! Their relationship are also “paralyced” because of the repressive regious and moral codes. ! Joyce himself once defined Dublin as “the center of parlalysis”! Stylistic festaures: absence of is moralizing narrative voice, description of characters inner thought and use of symbolism ! - Realistic descriptions! Dublin (negative vision): It’s a place where there is no true feeling mor compassion for others. ! Cruelty and selifishness. ! Joyce is a modernist writer: He was hostile to city life he thought that city life degraded its citicens ! Dubliners consist of 15 short stories. They do not have an obvious action but they represent human situations and “moment of intensity” which lead to a moral social or spiritual revelation. ! Paralisys: escape (opoosite terms) The parlasis of Dublin is both physical (Dubliners are weak to accomplish action) !

and moral ( linked to religion culture and politics) ! The opposite of paralysis is escape the character would like to escape but none of them succeds in doing that. ! CHARACTERS Eveline ➔ passive, influenced by her family’s mentality. ! Her father ➔ a violent and strict man ➔ her fear.! Her mother ➔ conservative ➔ her duty.! Frank ➔ Eveline’s fiancé, a very kind, open-hearted and brave boy ➔ her unknown future.! "Antithesis between Eveline’s house and her new one in Buenos Aires ! ——> Paralysis / Escape.!

TESTI “EVELINE” The story tells of a young girl who is on the threshold of adulthood and must make the decision that will change her life. Escape with boyfriend Frank in Buenos Aires and start a new life with him or take care of the home and family as he had promised his mother on his deathbed. Eveline is described lonely from the beginning. The house that surrounds it is a small suffocating prison made of dormant emotions and cumbersome memories. At first Evelyn seems to choose the new and better life that Frank offers her, but once on the dock of the port she cannot embark on the ship bound for South America and remains clinging tightly to the handrail while Frank is dragged on the ship by the crowd. Evelyn can't change her life, she can't even decide to continue with her old life. All she can do is remain motionless, paralyzed, "like a defenseless animal", while life around her decides for her. Furthermore, Eveline was afraid of the judgments that people would make, of the future, of the economic situation. Eveline basically remains an incapable, who is unable to decide her fate, but prefers to lull herself into an unattainable imagination, rather than really changing her life. The Themes is 1. Paralysis • Eveline's psichological paralysis: Eveline doesn't want to leave her home and her family This is because, though she knows perfectly that she has the opportunity to live a better life with the man she loves, she has a!strong sense of duty provided also by religion 2. Eveline vs Frank. Eveline and Frank are perfectly antithetical. In fact while the first one can't move and is!perpetually a passive object of other's decisions, the second one is active, in continuous!movement. He was from Dublin but he left when he was very young to have an adventurous!life, in fact it's significant that he worked as a sailors for many years. Frank represents the!progress, while Eveline stilness.

“GABRIEL’S EPIPHANY” The protagonists of the story are Gabriel Conroy a teacher and writer and Gretta, his wife. The story begins with their going to the annual Christmas party of Julia and Kate Morkan, Gabriel's aunts. At the party Gabriel meets several people, including an irritating girl who accuses him of being a "West Briton". Gabriel is the center of the party and gives the thank you speech at the table before dinner After the party, husband and wife head for the hotel. On the way, Gabriel thinks about the beautiful moments of the love story with his wife. He plans to make love as soon as he arrives in the room with her. However, the unexpected happens in the room Gretta cries at the memory of her old suitor, the very young Michael Furey, who fell ill and died for her. From all this comes the final reflection of the protagonist, This realizes how all the people he saw at the party, who seemed so happy, are actually traveling on a "westward" journey, that is, towards death. the central theme is paralysis. In the whole story nobody does anything, there are no conflicts and those who are born are immediately blocked. A fundamental role in Joyce's works is that of the epiphany, a sudden revelation that arises in a person due to an apparently trivial event. In this story they mix - the world of the living - that of the dead. Gabriel's main antagonist is Michael, who died many years earlier, More than a hope, in these images I see a lot of resignation....