Jan 22 Jan 24- Early Jazz- New Orleans Chicago PDF

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Prof: Josh Davies...

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Jan 22- Early Jazz- New Orleans/Chicago Major Social Developments -1910, Beginning of the “Great Migration” of African Americans for the South to northern cities ● Homogenization of cultures ● *Very important -1922-1930, Height of the Harlem Renaissance (arts in NY’s largest African American neighbourhood) -1923, Charleston dance craze sweeps nation ● Troupes would perform in live travelling shows -1927, First “talking picture”, The Jazz Singer, starring Al Jolson -1929, The Great Depression Begins ● Affected performing musicians A New Style: 1917-30 Early Jazz -Embellishments became more important than the tunes themselves -Relaxed rhythmic feeling -Generated its own repertory of compositions ● Write their own jazz songs instead of borrowing from other genres Early Jazz Band Instruments ● Front Life: trumpet, clarinet, trombone and occasionally saxophone ● Rhythm Section: guitar, banjo, tuba, bass saxophone, piano and drums Instrument Roles ● Collective Improvisation: all group members soloing at the same time ○ But everyone has a role that they stick to ● Trumpet played the melody (most often) ● Trombone harmonized melody ● Clarinet soloed around melody (embellishments) Early Jazz Innovators- New Orleans -Original Dixieland Jazz Band (not the first jazz group, but the first recorded) -New Orleans jazz first recorded in New York and Chicago, not New Orleans -Original Dixieland Jazz Band (ODJB) frist to make jazz recording in 1917. -Bandleader cornetist Nick LaRocca (1889-1961) **-Listening: “One Step” -Listening: “Livery Stable Blues” ● Coronet is the melody- little hard to hear Early Jazz Innovators- Chicago -Chicago School: group of young white musicians, from chicago, that emulated styles of New Orleans jazz musicians -Some changes from New Orleans to Chicago style are:

● Saxophone was added ● Guitar replaced the banjo ● Elaborate intros and ending ● Ease and relaxed feel instead of tension and drive ● Nore individual solos, less collective improvisation ● Bix Beiderbecke and Frankie Trumbauer -Listening: “Singing the Blues” ● Not multiple people playing like the song above, just solo and accompaniment ● More relaxed because it is Chicago style Back to New Orleans -Jelly Roll Morton (1890-1941) ● Falsely claimed to have invented jazz, but he was the first one to put it on paper ● Pianist/composer ● One of the first important jazz composers ● One of the first to balance composition with improvisation ○ He played in a way that would accentuate the dance of the ladies in the brothel ● One of the first to balance composition with improvisation ● Solos on the piano were modeled after horn solos ● Bridged the gap between ragtime and jazz piano styles, loosened ragtime’s stricter rhythms ● Listening: Black Bottom Stomp ○ Jelly Roll Morton and his group -James P. Johnson (1894-1955) ● East Coast jazz pianist ● “Father of Stride Piano” ○ Emulate what horn players were doing ○ Sharp articulation ● His most famous composition is “Carolina Shout” (1921) ● Listening: “Ain’t Misbehavin” Fats Waller (1904-1943) -Stride piano -One of the most popular figures in jazz history -Songwriter, pianist and entertainer -Composed famous songs like “Ain’t Misbehavin’” and “Honeysuckle Rose” -Listening: “Buckin’ the Dice” ● Little more relaxed ● Trumpet mute used

Earl Hines (1903-1983)

-Stride piano -Connects 1920s piano playing with the 1930s-40s -Trumpet-style or horn-like right hand lines -Helped encourage future pianists to solo like horn players Sidney Bechet (1897-1959) -Soprano Saxophone -**Wide and fast vibrato ● Sounded kind of like a billy goat ● Very hard to emulate -Very bluesy player -One of the first well-known individual soloists of the 1920s -Listening: Si tu vois ma mere ● Listen for vibrato Louis Armstrong -(Aka Pops or Satchmo) ● Satchel mouth- because he has a large mouth - “Father of Jazz” -Idolized and later performs with Joe “King” Oliver -Leaves New Orleans in 1922, heads north to Chicago -Listening: “Hotter Than That” ● Solo breaks ● Polyrhythm ● Scat singing and covering his own horn lines (use his voice to sing as a horn would play) ● One of the first major artists to bring out scat singing -Huge hits, including: “Hello Dolly” and “What a Wonderful World” -Reasons for Armstrong’s Popularity and Influence: 1. Armstrong (along with Sydney) was one of the first great soloists in jazz history a. Pushed everything about the trumpet way further than it had been played 2. One of the first to swing, he abandoned stiffness of ragtime 3. Sense of pacing and drama to his solos a. Sounds like he’s taking you on a really short ride somewhere 4. Command of the trumpet, extended high-range and stamina 5. Turned solos into memorable melodies 6. Singing style influences future singers like Billie Holiday and Bing Crosby 7. Popularized scat singing Early Vocal Jazz -Heavily influenced by great blues singers, 1920s Race Records artists like Bessie Smith and Ma Rainey Popularity of Early Jazz -Wide appeal, especially to young audiences and social dancers

-Pre-cursor to the popularity of 1950s-60s rock music -Revival and repertory ensemble continue playing Early Jazz to this day -Jazz begins to become more popular in other cities in North America as well, including Chicago New York, and Los Angeles -Listening: A Kiss to Build a Dream On ● Louis Armstrong- showcasing his vocal style European Jazz -Influence of Jazz in Europe begins with various artists visiting during WWI ● Most notably James Reese Europe and Paul Whiteman -Although pockets of Jazz sprouted up around Europe, the most prominent was in Paris, France Gypsy Jazz -Combined American swing, French dance hall (musette), and Eastern European Folk -Instruments most often include electric guitar (or banjo), violin, clarinet, and bass -Popularized by Belgian guitar virtuosos, Django Reinhardt and his group, Quintette du Hot Club de France -Listening: Minor Swing Sidney Bechet Video -taught himself to play; he was a child prodigy -left school at 16 and pursued music full time -Creole: mix of more than one culture Louis Armstrong Video -grew up in poverty in New Orleans, dropped out of school at age 11 -taught himself how to play the coronet -Went to Waifs Home after being arrested, learns to play coronet very well -Joe King Oliver was his role model; he learned from him and King Oliver was a father-figure for him...