KIN 150 Exam 2 Review Unit 7 PDF

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Professor Laura Jimenez...

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KIN 150

Exam 2 Review Unit 7 – Obesity, Diabetes, and Metabolic Syndrome -

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Define Metabolic Syndrome. o Metabolic Syndrome = a combination of factors that are individually problems but when you have at least 3 out of these 5 you have metabolic syndrome:  A large waistline (central obesity)  High Triglyceride levels  Low HDL levels  Hypertension  High fasting blood glucose o Puts you at a higher risk for co-morbidity of diabetes Define overweight and obesity. o OVERWEIGHT:  Body weight exceeds standard weight for given height and frame size  Not precise terminology  Does not account for body composition  Women have more fat – hips, curves, breasts (for child bearing) o OBESITY:  Excessive body fat (men >25%, women >35%)  Borderline obese: men 20 to 25%, women 30 to 35% o You can be overweight but NOT obese o BMI = body mass index  Compares height to weight What factors control body weight? o Hormones o Appetite o Energy expenditure – changes in response to weight loss or decreased energy intake Understand the balance of RMR, TEF, and TEA. o RMR = resting metabolic rate  The body’s metabolic rate in the early morning  *calories you burn just to stay ALIVE  60-70% of total energy expenditure o TEF = thermal effect of food  Energy expended to digest, store nutrients, et.  10% of total energy expenditure o TEA = thermal effect of activity  Energy expended to accomplish activities  15-30% of total energy expenditure o BALANCE of all 3:  Helps body to adapt to an increase or decrease in calorie intake

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 Controlled by sympathetic (fight or flight) nervous system  Key for maintaining weight around a set point What controllable and uncontrollable factors are involved in developing obesity? o Uncontrollable (physiological) factors:  Heredity / genetics  Hormonal imbalances  Altered basic homeostasis mechanisms o Controllable (lifestyle) factors:  Culture habits (ex: southern food)  Inadequate physical activity  Improper diet What do we mean by morbidity? Mortality? o Morbidity = presence or rate of disease o Mortality = death from disease What conditions are associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome? o Metabolic syndrome rate parallels obesity o Obesity and overweight associated with   Cardiovascular disease  Type 2 diabetes  Cancer (endometrial/uterine, breast, colon)  Liver, gallbladder disease  Osteoarthritis  Sleep apnea (difficulty breathing - snore)  Hypertension  Stroke, cardiovascular disease What conditions does weight loss help improve? o Weight loss reduces severity of  Angina pectoris (chest pain)  Hypertension  Congestive heart disease  Heart attack recurrence  Varicose veins  Diabetes  Orthopedic problems What are the emotional and psychological factors involved with obesity? o They can help cause obesity o They can be exasperated by obesity o Obesity  is a social stigma Describe the various weight loss treatments we discussed in class. o Hormone treatments:  Decrease appetite  Increase RMR  Serious side effects, life threatening (some) o Surgical treatments:

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 Intestinal bypass  Gastric banding or bypass  Reserved for most extreme, serious cases o Behavior modification—examples of changes in eating patterns or habits:  Can only eat in one location  No snacking  No second helpings Describe post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). o EPOC = post exercise oxygen consumption (metabolism)  Right after you exercise your metabolism is elevated  You continue to burn calories AFTER your work out – potentially for hours  The more muscle mass you have the higher your EPOC is How does physical activity impact weight management? o Exercise effects on appetite:  Exercise doesn’t stimulate appetite (it won’t actually make you hungrier unless you work out on an empty stomach)  But it should still be included in weight management programs  Chocolate milk is the best thing to have after exercising --> it has the right ratio of protein and carbs o Exercise effects on RMR, TEF, TEA:  RMR  may increase with training (predominately resistance training)  TEF  will increase following pre and post-meal exercise  Fat mobilization  will increase during exercise o Just being active reduces your risk of disease development and death – regardless of if you are actually losing weight  You can still be ”healthy” or “fit” if you are overweight o Exercise decreases your risk of disease mortality What is spot reduction and does it work? o Spot reduction = the idea that you can target fat in one area by working out there (like doing crunches to lose fat in your gut) o It DOESN’T work – a MYTH o However, local exercise DOES promote local muscle growth (just not local fat loss) Explain the principle behind the fat burning zone. Is it an effective exercise routine? o High intensity exercise  relies heavily on carbohydrates for fuel (as fat burning levels off)  “Cardio Zone”  Ex: 75% intensity = 110 fat + 332 kcal o Low intensity exercise  relies heavily on fats for fuel (because they are slow to burn – but you lose less calories overall)  “Fat Burning Zone”  Ex: 50% intensity = 110 fat + 220 kcal o *High intensity exercise burns the same amount of fat as low intensity exercise but nearly double the amount of carbs (resulting in more weight loss)  This is why the “fat burning zone” is not as helpful

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What is diabetes? o Diabetes = insulin isn't present or isn't functioning properly (you cannot take out glucose to your tissues)  A cell membrane is the separation between blood and some tissue (muscle or organ)  Insulin is released from pancreases in response to food being eaten to help digest it (sugar is already in our blood but we need insulin to transport sugar into our tissues) o Hyperglycemia = High blood sugar (because you can’t take the sugar to your tissue and it is floating around in your blood stream) o Gestational diabetes = you can become diabetic (insulin resistant) during pregnancy  So that the mother takes less of the sugar and gives more to the baby (so OK in small amounts) o Pre-Diabetes = early stages of diabetes (higher blood sugar levels than normal but not high enough to be called diabetic)  If caught at this stage it could be helped or possible reversed What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes? o Type 1 Diabetes = your pancreas does NOT produce insulin so you must inject it into your body (AKA insulin dependent)  Rare – mostly genetic (usually develops when you’re young) o Type 2 Diabetes = your pancreas produces insulin but your body does NOT respond to it (AKA insulin resistant or non-insulin dependent)  In Reponses, your body will pump out way too much insulin  Typically adult-onset because it is due to your unhealthy lifestyle What are some signs and symptoms of each? o Signs of Type 1:  Excessive urination, thirst  Weight loss, extreme hunger  Fatigue, irritability o Signs of Type 2:  Any type 1 symptom  Persistent infections, sores  Vision changes  Tingling, numbness in limbs What are the health problems associated with diabetes? o Cardiovascular disease (all forms) o Kidney disease  Kidneys have to work harder (causing stress) to eliminate bad stuff in your blood (like damaged blood vessels) o Neural disease  Too much sugar in your blood damages your red blood vessels (nerve damages, plaque formation) o Eye disorders (blindness) o Dental disease

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o Amputations What are some treatment options for diabetes? o Treatment for Type 1:  Insulin administration  Diet & exercise (physical activity helps draw sugar into your tissues) o Treatment for Type 2:  Weight loss  Diet & exercise  Recently developed drugs o NO CURE How can exercise benefit people with diabetes? o Helps reduce the risk of coronary, cerebral and peripheral (arms & legs) arterial diseases o Enhances insulin sensitivity:  Muscle contraction mimics insulin action  Lowers blood glucose  Decreases insulin requirement  Short-term (72 h) effect...