KIN-247- Exam 2 Study Guide PDF

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Exam 2 study guide...

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KIN-247: Exam 2 Study Guide In general: know overall important statistics, trends, how to interpret definitions/concepts, how to read and interpret graphs/data, and the strengths/weaknesses of any methods discussed I. Cardiorespiratory Fitness (CRF) -What is cardiorespiratory fitness?  Ability to sustain work for a long period of time o Indicator of overall health How does CRF relate to diseases and disease conditions?  Inverse relationship, 1 MET inc= 10% dec in mortality What determines CRF?  Increase a- VO2 difference o Increasing capillary density o Increasing number of mitochondria How do the heart, lungs, blood vessels and muscles each contribute to CRF?  Heart pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs → oxygenated blood returns from lungs → heart pumps oxygenated blood to the muscles → heart receives deoxygenated blood from muscles How do we measure CRF?  VO2 - Volume of oxygen consumption during PA o In ml O2/Kg/Min  Direct Fick method  VO2=Cardiac output  VO2 = Q (cardiac output→ HR*Stroke Vol) * a-VO2 Difference o Stroke volume= amount of blood ejected from heart What are VO2max and VO2peak? How do they differ?  VO2Max= Maximal oxygen consumption test  VO2 Peak= highest VO2 achieved during a test; but test wasn’t performed to max effort o VO2 still increasing when test stopped What is a VO2max test? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this test?  Indirect calorimetry  Cycle ergometer (increase load)  Treadmill: increase speed and/or incline  Measure ventilation, carbon dioxide, and oxygen using metabolic cart  Advantages: o Objective, direct measure of oxygen consumption, accurate  Disadvantages: o Need for special, expensive equipment, maximal testing is riskier than submaximal testing o High level of motivation on the part of the subject is necessary

How do we determine maximal capacity during a VO2max test?  HR within 15 beats of age predicted max HR  No further increase in VO2 w/ inc workload RPE >17  Respiratory exchange ratio RER of 1.1 or more  RER= CO2 produced/O2 consumed

What are common field tests used to determine CRF? What are their advantages and disadvantages?  Timed 1 mile: Rockport walk test o Prediction based on how long it takes to walk a mile  Step test o 16’ step, take 22 steps/min. Predict on HR  Non-exercise test prediction equation  Advantages o Objective, inexpensive, short duration, more safe  Disadvantages: o Max HR and BP are not measured o Oxygen consumption is not always measured What are cardiac output, stroke volume and a-vO2 difference? What are they at rest and how do they change with exercise? 

II. Cardiovascular Disease - Disease of the heart and or blood vessel How does it occur?  How do different CVD diseases differ? 1. Coronary HD- blood vessels delivering oxygen to heart 1. Blockage, angina and Mi b. Cerebrovascular disease - blood vessels delivering oxygen to brain 1. Blockage (ischemic), aneurysm (hemorrhagic) b. Hypertension- elevation in pressure in arteries 1. Increase work required by heart to pump blood 2. Increase stress on walls of arteries leading to aneurysms 3. Kidney failure b. Heart failure- failure of heart in pumping blood appropriately c. Peripheral vascular disease- narrowing of peripheral arteries 1. Pain walking, dec flow b. Rheumatic HD- heart valves 1. In 60% of people with rheumatic fever (strep) b. Cardiomyopathies- Abnormalities of heart muscle 1. Dilates, ischemic, hypotrophic What is the disease progression?  Death, disability, dollars When is it most reversible?  Childhood What are examples of CVD?  CAD PAD  Cerebrovascular disease What are risk factors for CVD?’  Atherosclerosis - fatty plaques are left on walls of arteries; 3 staged

1. Fatty Streak: endothelium dysfunction causes the accumulation of molecules in intima  Adhesion molecules: VCAM-1 ICAM  Foam cells are discovered, smooth muscle starts to migrate o 2. Fibrous Plaque- fibrous cap (smooth muscle, connective tissue, dead cells, CA2 and foam cells, some ldl)  Endothelial damage continues  Cap thickness, population with SMCs and collagen are more stable o 3. Complicated lesion/ rupture  Complicated lesions CLs, that block up to 45 % of blood flow begin to cause ischemia  CL’s can lead to rupture of the artery causing internal bleeding  Vulnerable plaques becomes thrombi What are the criteria for being considered a risk factor? What are modifiable vs. non-modifiable risk factors? How were risk factors identified? What are symptoms of CVD? What are the symptoms a result of? How does exercise affect CVD risk? Does past vs. present exercise matter? What studies provided evidence for this? What is VO2 max and how does it relate to CVD? What is the critical VO max level for CVD benefit in men and women? How does sedentary behavior affect CVD risk? What are treatment options for CVD? What is cardiac rehabilitation? how effective it is, what are the benefits compared to other treatments other treatment options o

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III. Hypertension How is hypertension defined? What are the different stages leading to hypertension and what are the criteria for each stage? What conditions can hypertension lead to? How does risk and mortality change with changes in blood pressure? What determines blood pressure? What modulates blood pressure and how do these systems relate (e.g. RAAS, central nervous system, etc…)? What is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure? How is blood pressure measured and what is the benefit of using a 24 hour monitoring system? What are risk factors for hypertension? How is hypertension treated? What types of physical activity are most beneficial for treating and/or preventing hypertension? What factors affect the response to exercise training? How do cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity levels relate to hypertension development? How much is blood pressure usually reduced with exercise? How long does it usually take to see the effects of exercise?...