Kin discussion q-health psych PDF

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What is the difference between prevalence and incidence rates? The main difference between prevalence and incidence rates is the frequency of disease. Prevalence refers to how often the disease occurs, whereas incidence is the rate of new disease or health events. What is the difference between a cohort and case control study? The difference between a cohort and case control study is mainly the direction of time. In a cohort study is a study where the direction of time moves forward. On the other hand, a case control study is where time moves backwards. In addition, there is also the difference of participants in these two studies. In a cohort study, researchers look at how often a disease occurs within a cohort groups(experimental). In a case study there are two groups, an experimental group and a control group. Why is epidemiology research important for the field of Kinesiology? Epidemiology research is very important in the field of Kinesiology. It is the only method in which a quantitative understanding of the exposure-disease relationship can be obtained. For instance, it would be unethical to force people to smoke and control the amounts that they smoke. This is why epidemiology research is important, because it is observational. Researchers observe individuals in a natural environment that choose to smoke. In the Paffenbarger et al study, at what dose of PA in kcal/week did the protective benefits for first heart attack and nonfatal/fatal heart attack stop? What does this mean? In the Paffenbarger et al study, the protective benefits for first heart attack and nonfatal/fatal heart attack stop at a dose of 3000 Kcal/week. This means that individuals who completed that much physical activity per week reduced their chance of a first heart attack or a reoccurring one. However, when the dose increases over 3000 Kcal/week, there is no further protective benefits. In the Bernstein et al study on exercise and breast cancer risk they found an odds ratio of . 58. What does that odds ratio mean? The odds ratio of 0.58 in the Bernstein et al study means that women who exercised more than 3.8 hours/week had a 58% less risk of developing breast cancer than those who did not exercise. This suggests that the difference are not that significant, hence, exercise has very little effect in terms of reducing breast cancer. From the Kyu et al review and meta-analysis, briefly describe how total physical activity dose relates to risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events? What are the implications of these findings? The Kyu et al study and meta-analysis, prove that increasing physical activity has protective benefits by lowering the risk of ischemic stroke and ischemic heart disease, as well as diabetes. Other diseases such as breast cancer and colon cancer do demonstrate some protective benefits if physical activity is increased, but not as much as ischemic stroke and ischemic heart disease. Therefore, each kind of disease has its own unique and distinct pattern of risk reduction depending in how many MET min/week is taking place. Thus, the implications are that physical activity does offer protective benefits and does reduce the risk of some diseases, but from a does response of total physical activity, it is very dependent on the disease.

What is the difference between "what people think depression feels like" and "what depression actual feels like"? When people think of depression, they often just think about sadness. The truth is that depression involves various emotions, such as hopelessness, self-loathing, isolation, anxiety, sadness, guilt, etc. What is the difference between depression, anxiety, and mood? Although depression, anxiety and mood all fall under the Affect Disorder Family, they’re all different. Depression is a disorder that involves the loss of interest and perception of losing something important. Anxiety is physiological reactions that occurs when fear is triggered. Mood is particular state of feeling, short-term, which can either be positive or negative. Name the two core symptoms of depression? When diagnosing depression, there are two core symptoms shown. First, when an individual is in a depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day. The second symptom is when the individual experiences a significant loss of interest in almost everything most of the day, nearly every day. Which neurotransmitter is implicated in depression? The neurotransmitters that are implicated when an individual is in a state of depression, are serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. According to Farb et al what part of the brain is implicated in depression relapse? According to the Farb et al study, the part of the brain that is implicated in depression relapse is the medial prefrontal gyros, which is actually in the frontal region of the brain. Relapsing participants of this study showed more activity in the medial prefrontal gyrus in the study. How is cortisol implicated in depression? Depression contributes to hormonal imbalance. Hormonal imbalance leads to the increase of the hormone cortisol. This is because when an individual is under stress for long periods, it will stimulate the hippocampus, which then results in the excess release of cortisol. How is inflammation implicated in depression? Depression also implicated inflammation in the body. Inflammation occurs as the body’s immune system response to infection and trauma. Thus, depressed individuals may be more exposed to infections/traumas due to the chronic stress they experience. For depression, which matters more grey or white matter? In terms of depression, white matter is more important. This is because it is made of axons connecting the different parts of the grey matter together. White matter is associated with the communication of neurons. In individuals with depression, the structure white matter of the brain is affected, thus affection the communication of the brain. Which copy of the 5-HTT gene is associated with depression? The short copy if the 5-TT gene is associated with depression. This is due to the fact that the short version is not effective in terms of serotonin control flow compared to the longer copy.

What type of personality is associated with depression? A pessimistic personality is usually associated with depression. A Pessimistic personality is when an individual tends to think more negatively and they are usually more internal....