Lab BIO460 - Lab for Biological Diversity. PDF

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PAHANGFACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCESBachelor of Science (Hons) BiologyBIO460 – Biological DiversitySemester 2Practical 2: AnimaliaNAME :Assessment: TITLE 1 0 OBJECTIVE 1 0 BACKGROUND INFO 3 2 1 0 MATERIALS 2 1 0 PROCEDURES 2 1 0 RESULT/ DISCUSSION 3 2 1 0 CONCLUSION 3 2 1 0 TO...

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PAHANG FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

Bachelor of Science (Hons) Biology BIO460 – Biological Diversity Semester 2 Practical 2: Animalia

NAME

:

MATRIX NO. CLASS

: : AS201

OBJECTIVE 

To recognize representatives of invertebrates, chordates and vertebrates

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To explain the basic body plan of invertebrates, chordates and vertebrates

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To identify the structures found in the animal groups and their functions.

INTRODUCTION All animals belong to the kingdom Animalia, often known as Metazoa. Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophic, which means they feed on organic matter. The majority of animals get their sustenance from other species or decomposing organic matter. Animal cells differ from fungi and plants in that they do not have a solid cell wall. Animal cells, on the other hand, are bound together by structural proteins like collagen. Except for sponges, all animals are made up of cells arranged into tissues that are specialised for a specific function. As a result, most animals can respond to complicated behavioural stimuli. Vertebrates are all animals that belong to the Vertebrata subphylum. They are members of the Chordata phylum and have a backbone/vertebra in which the spinal cord is placed. In addition, they have an internal skeletal system to which muscles are joined. There are few classes of vertebrates like mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibian, and fish. Invertebrates make up the remaining phyla of the kingdom Animalia, while vertebrates make up only one. Invertebrates, as their name implies, lack a backbone and internal skeleton. The exoskeleton is an exterior skeletal system that offers structural support to some species. Invertebrates are thought to make up 97 percent or more of all animals in the animal kingdom. Invertebrates are classed based on morphology/structure, symmetry, and life cycle, among other things, because they are such a diverse group. Some animals (basic invertebrates) have three body layers, whereas others (primitive invertebrates) only have two. Invertebrates include insects (such as spiders and ticks), snails, sea stars, sponges, and hydra, among others.

MATERIAL & METHODS 

Specimens o Squid o Fish o Shrimp o Mussel o Earthworm o Fan coral / brain coral (or any other suitable type of corals) o Clam (razor or bamboo clam) o Centipede o Millipede o Grasshopper o Beetle o Sea cucumber o Rat

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Methods o The specimen was examined and observed. o Every body structure, outer skin, shells, appendages, 5 basic sensory organs of each specimen were noted. o The specimen was dissected, and internal part was observed. o The observation was drawn and labelled from step 1-3

RESULT

Figure 1 Anatomy of squid Clam

Figure 2 Internal anatomy of clam Mussel

Figure 3 Internal anatomy of mussel

Shrimp

Figure 4 Anatomy of shrimp Centipede

Figure 5 Anatomy of centipede

Millipede

Figure 6 External anatomy of millipede Beetle

Figure 7 External anatomy of stag beetle

Grasshopper

Figure 8 External anatomy of grasshopper

Figure 9 Internal anatomy of grasshopper

Coral

Figure 10 Internal anatomy of polyps on coral Earthworm

Figure 11 Anatomy of earthworm

Sea cucumber

Figure 12 Internal anatomy of sea cucumber Fish

Figure 13 Anatomy of perch

Rat

Figure 14 Anatomy of rat

DISCUSSION Invertebrate 

Phylum Mollusca Mollusks are the second largest invertebrate group. They are protostomes, with bilateral

body symmetry, a tubular gut, and they do not possess any segmentation. Mollusca derived from Latin molluscus means soft and indicates as soft body animal as the first mollusk descriptions were based on observations of unshelled cuttlefish. They are mostly marine animal with some inhabit fresh water and others terrestrial. Common features that can be found in mollusk such as broad and fleshy foot for locomotion, dorsal shell or a reduced version that composed of calcium carbonate, and a thin sheet of tissue called mantle with glands that act to secrete calcium carbonate and proteins, and ctenidia (gills) as the respiratory organ. Exception for feature like rasping tongue like structure called radula for feeding and a well-developed head with eyes and tentacles because they are absent in certain species. Some examples of species in Mollusca phylum are squid, mussel, clam, slugs and octopus. These species can be either terrestrial or aquatic in nature. One of the examples that had been dissected is squid. They fall under class Cephalopoda that also means ‘head foot’ animals. Cephalopods are mollusks with a reduced shell, as well as shellbearing animals. These species have special adaptation like vivid coloration that used for camouflage. This class of animals are all carnivorous predators therefore had beak-like jaws on the front end. All cephalopods have a well-developed neurological system, which includes eyes, as well as a closed circulatory system. The foot is lobed and develops into tentacles and a funnel, which they use to move around. Ctenidia are encased in a vast mantle cavity and supported by numerous blood veins, each with its own heart; the mantle contains siphonophores, which aid in water exchange. Their mantle is strong and muscular, with a funnel-like siphon built into it. The cephalopods can move by jet propulsion by filling the cavity with water and ejecting it through the siphon. Extra feature like discharging dark fluid from their ink sack can help them to escape from their enemies. Next subject is mussel. They categorized under class Bivalvia that implies ‘two shells’ animals. Bivalvia is a group of marine and freshwater molluscs that have bodies that are compressed

laterally and are encased in a shell made up of two hinged pieces. They lack organ like radula and head compared to other molluscan species. Adaptation of this species such as its two protected shells that can burrow in the sand to disappear from predators. They are suspension feeders, meaning they catch food particles in seawater. Water and suspended food are sucked in by one hole, called the incurrent siphon, while waste is expelled through the other opening, named the excurrent siphon. Food was caught by the mucus formed by the gills, and food was transported to the mouth by the action of the cilia on the gills. Comparing mussel with its counterpart clam which also under class Bivalvia, few different can be identified. Mussels are bivalve molluscs that live in both saltwater and freshwater. Members of this group have a shell that is more oval or circular in shape, with an extended and asymmetrical outline. They frequently reside on the intertidal zone's coastlines. They adopted sessile way of life and avoid movement. With the help of their byssal threads, they are firmly attached to a robust substrate. The shells somewhat smooth outside and would be dark blue, brown, and black, yet the insides would be silver or greyish and nacreous. Clams on the other hand is bivalve that live in ocean. They are marine bivalve mollusc with shells of equal size and usually hide in sediment thanks to their powerful burrowing foot. They spend the most of their life partly covered in the sand on the sea floor. Clams move by retract the foot and effect backand-forth movements The clams' two shells are held together by two adductor muscles. The shell is hard with smooth and shiny surface in deep, grey, clay beige undertone colour. 

Phylum Arthropoda Arthropoda are the largest invertebrate groups. They are invertebrate animals having an

exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods are members of the Euarthropoda phylum, which also includes insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans. The term arthropod came from Greek words that means ‘jointed foot’. They exhibit organ system level of organization with open circulatory system. The coelomic cavity is filled with blood. They are unisexual and fertilization is either external or internal. They have a well-developed digestive system. Most arthropods have unique adaptation that allow their survival like undergo different stages of development to become specialized in ways that are well adapted to environmental conditions, seasonal variation in food resources, water supplies, and others. They

also have sensory organs like hairs, antennae, simple and compound eyes, auditory organs, and statocysts to detect movement better. Shrimp is one of the species of Arthropoda under subphylum Crustacea. The shrimp body is divided into six segments and a carapace which bears paired specialized appendages including antennae, mandibles, maxillae, grasping claws and legs. Shrimp have a semi-transparent body that is flattened from side to side and a flexible abdomen that ends in a fanlike tail. The appendages have been modified to allow swimming, and the antennae are long and whiplike for sensory function. They live in ocean including shallow and deep water. The shrimp's body is divided into two parts: the head and thorax, which fuse to form the cephalothorax, and a long narrow abdomen. The shell that protects the cephalothorax is called the carapace, and it is harder and thicker than the shell that protects the rest of the shrimp. The carapace usually surrounds the gills, which are used to pump water through by the action of the mouthparts. They have curled body compared to prawn that help them in danger by flexing its tail fan in a rapid movement resulting in a backward dart called the cardioid escape reaction Next is the subphylum Myriapoda: - centipede and millipede. Centipedes and millipedes have long, segmented bodies with numerous legs. However, they differ in the number of legs they have in their body segments; centipedes have only one pair of legs, whereas millipedes have two pairs of legs. Millipedes are herbivorous, cylindrical, and slow-moving animals that feed on decaying plant material in soil and forest litter. Centipedes have a flattened body, move quickly, and are carnivorous predators that use their fangs and venom glands to feed on small insects, earthworms, and snails. Some were even capable of subduing small lizards, toads, and frogs. Afterwards is the subphylum Hexapoda such as beetle and grasshopper. They commonly known as insect and is arthropods with tracheae. These organisms have three pairs of jointed legs, segmented body that divided into three sections: the head, the thorax, and the abdomen. They also have a pair of compound eyes and antennae to sense its surrounding as well as two pair of wings and legs for locomotion. Their entire digestive tract is divided into three sections: the foregut, the midgut (digestion and absorption), and the hindgut (water reabsorption). Their trachea system allows them to have a high metabolic rate, which is required for activities such as flight. This system delivers oxygen to every cell in the body through tiny openings in the body's walls. Malphigian tubules are small tubes that connect with the midgut. When proteins are

digested, nitrogen-containing wastes (metabolic wastes) diffuse from the blood into the tubules and are converted into uric acid crystals, which are harmless. The crystals are removed by faeces. This system aids in the processing of metabolic waste and the retention of water. Difference between beetle and grasshopper can be seen in their external appearances. Beetle or stag beetle specifically has large mandible and usually oversized in males that can be use in fighting. They fight by pull each other high in the air, thus their tarsal claws is necessary for maintaining balance. For this reason, male claws are extremely curved and have a higher height. To support the lifting activity, the prothoracic muscles are hypertrophied. These species undergo complete metamorphosis, meaning it has four very different stages: egg, larval, pupal, and adult. Grasshopper however have strong jumping legs that easily used to escape and travelling. On their legs also equipped with small hooks that is good to cling on stem and leaves. These hooks also help to hold their prey in place. They also got powerful jaw that perfectly designed for cutting and chewing plant material. The grasshopper undergoes incomplete metamorphosis and moulting overtime. 

Phylum Cnidaria Following species observed were coral. They fall under phylum Cnidaria and is

diploblastic, where they possess only two germ layers/tissue layers. Their body lack the mesoderm layer. They had radial symmetry body when matured. Most cnidarians live in the seas like coral with their habitat condensed in shallow, tropical water. Most cnidarian consist of two body plans, the polyp an the medusa but not coral as they belong to class Anthozoa that lack medusa stage. A coral animal's body is made up of polyps, which are hollow cylindrical structures with one end adhering to a surface. A mouth with tentacles surrounds the free end. The food-gathering tentacles are more or less extendable and are armed with nematocysts, which are specialised stinging structures that can immobilise prey. In Cnidarian outer ectoderm layer form epidermis that cover the body while inner endoderm layer forms the gastrodermis that lines the digestive cavity that separated by mesoglea. Their nervous system consist of nerve net (with interconnecting nerve cells) runs through both levels, coordinating the animal's reaction to stimuli. Contractile cells are found in both the epidermis and the gastrodermis and are specialised for contact. Contractile cells respond to stimuli by contracting and extending. Corals, which are colonial organisms, produce calcareous structures that build up to form massive reefs. Corals and

dinoflagellates, a photosynthetic protistan, are mutualists. They provide oxygen to their hosts, recycle mineral waste, and regulate the pH of the saltwater to aid in the formation of calcium deposits in the hosts' skeleton that protect from predator. Corals protect them and provide them with CO2 and minerals in exchange. Anthozoans are polypoid for the rest of their life. They can reproduce asexually through budding or fragmentation, or sexually through gamete production. The polyp produces both gametes, which can unite to form a free-swimming planula larva. The larva develops into a sessile polyp after settling on a suitable substratum. 

Phylum Annelida Earthworms are Annelids. They are protostome, having bilateral body symmetry, a

tubular stomach, and segmentation, and they live in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments. The segments are usually referred to as rings. Many of their internal organs are segmented, including the metanephridia (osmoregulatory organ). Structures such as the gastrointestinal tract and some nerves, on the other hand, extend throughout the body. Individual components of a segmented organism can be modified and become highly suited for specialised functions, such as locomotion, which has immense evolutionary potential. Setae or bristles project directly from the highly segmented body of Oligochaeta and Polychaeta, which is chitin reinforced. It enables crawling and digging in the earth. For each segment, earthworms have a few small setae. Their gut runs through all of the chambers from mouth to anus. A flexible and permeable cuticle surrounds the body, allowing for excellent gas exchange. Earthworms breathe by exhaling through their skins suitable in aquatic and damp settings. They are valuable soil tillers because of their habit that can aerate the soil and push nutrients to the surface when they burrow and feed, which benefits the plant. Each coelomic chambers filled with fluid define individual earthworm coelomic chambers, providing a hydrostatic skeleton for them. The circular muscles, longitudinal muscles, and setae, in combination with the coelomic chambers, allow for the normal earthworm movement pattern. The brain sends paired nerve cables along the length of the body, with a ganglion in each section. The circulatory system is closed completely (blood is restricted to various heart and vascular chambers). They have an osmoregulatory system of metanephridia in almost every segment of their body that regulates the volume and composition of body fluids. Each unit has a funnel (nephrostome) that collects excess fluid and transports it to the bladder, which leads to a pore (nephridiophore) that aids in the excretion of the excess water.

Each collecting tubule of metanephridium is encircled by a network of capillaries. The essential salts pumped out of the collecting tubules are reabsorbed by these capillaries. 

Phylum Echinodermata Sea cucumber is an invertebrate marine species that form a class within phylum

Echinodermata. They possesses soft cylindrical body that is usually a dull, dark colour and often warty, giving it the appearance of a cucumber. The internal skeleton is reduced to a plethora of uniquely shaped, tiny calcareous structures in the skin. Most species have five rows of tube feet that extend from the mouth to the anus. The anal opening is used for both respiration and waste discharge. The ten or more retractile tentacles that surround the mouth are used for feeding or burrowing. Sea cucumbers also have tube feet, also known as podia. These suction-capped appendages, which are usually arranged in three rows below and two rows above, aid the creature in its scrawling. The sea cucumbers breathe by "respiratory trees," which are branching organs that disperse water sucked in by the cloaca's opening. Sea cucumber also have their own defence mechanism. Some sea cucumbers release sticky threads to entangle their foes when they feel threatened. Others can mutilate their own bodies by contracting their muscles violently and expelling portions of their internal organs from their anus. Then the body parts that were missing immediately grew back. Vertebrate 

Phylum Chordate The perch is a chordate/craniate with a spinal column and a member of the class

Osteichthyes (bony fish). Many of the basic vertebrate features are shared by fish and other members of the subphylum, although also have their own unique properties. A perch has all of the bodily systems seen in vertebrates, but they have been adapted for water survival. Fish, for example, are aquatic and have gills for breathing. Fins serve as appendages in place of arms and legs that helps the fish swim smoothly in water. Fish have a highly developed skeleton adapted for aquatic life, as well as skin with many mucus glands that give them a slimy appearance. Scales are incorporated in the skin of most fish as a flexible covering. The heart of a fish, which has two chambers, is simpler than that of other vertebrates. Most fish are ectothermic. The majority of them are devoid of lungs. However, a buoyancy-controlling air sac (or swim bladder)

is likely to have evolved from lungs in a more primitive species. Fish are segmented. Perches are predators that prefer peaceful ponds, lakes, streams, and rivers to live in. They spawn in the spring, with the female laying strings of eggs among water plants, branches, and other debris in the shallows. Then we had rat which is member of Mammals class and part of Rodentia order. Mammals have milk secre...