LAB Report COD TEST PDF

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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LABORATORYECW 568OPEN-ENDED LAB REPORTTITLE OF EXPERIMENT : CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 23 DECEMBER 2020GROUP : EC220 /6C4AGROUP MEMBERS 1. INTAN AFIQAH BINTI KABRI (2019528043)2. AIN NAZIRA BINTI MOHD SABANDI (2019582535)3. HAIDHATUL AMIZZA BINTI AZMI ...

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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY ECW 568 OPEN-ENDED LAB REPORT TITLE OF EXPERIMENT DATE OF EXPERIMENT GROUP GROUP MEMBERS

: CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) : 23 DECEMBER 2020 : EC220 /6C4A 1. INTAN AFIQAH BINTI KABRI (2019528043) 2. AIN NAZIRA BINTI MOHD SABANDI (2019582535) 3. HAIDHATUL AMIZZA BINTI AZMI (2019528193) 4. MUHAMMAD ZULHILMI BIN MUHAMMAD ZULHAZLI (2019528147) 5. LLOYDRYEN NAWANG SIMON (2019582329)

LECTURER

: DR. JALINA KASSIM

LEVEL OF OPENESS

:2

MARK S

COMMENTS

INTRODUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS METHODOLOGY

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2

3

4

5

RESULTS&ANALYSIS

1

2

3

4

5

DISCUSSION

1

2

3

4

5

CONCLUSION

1

2

3

4

5

ORGANIZATION

1

2

3

4

5

TOTAL MARKS

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)

INTRODUCTION

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is commonly used as a measurement of pollutants in natural and wastewater such as sewage and industrial effluent waters. It is normally measured in both municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants and able to give an indication of the efficiency of the treatment process. COD is measured in both influent and effluent water (before and after treatment) and the efficiency of the treatment process is normally expressed as COD removal, measured as a percentage of the organic matter removed during the cycle.

OBJECTIVE 1. To measure the concentration of COD in water sample. 2. To analyze data and interpret the results of the COD experiment. 3. To identify and justify the possible source of the water sample for each location based on the COD reading obtained.

BASIC CONCEPT With the increase of human population every year has created a tremendous increment of social and industrial demand. In order to fulfill all these needs in parallel with the advancement of technology has produced more industrial fields and job offer. Industrial Revolution (IR) is the so-called term for advancement in technology over time which has led an improvement in human lifestyle and facilities. Metals, plastics and chemicals are parts of the sources to help create new accommodation in human life. However, any production from these sources has its own by effects in which the earth has to pay for. Discharge from domestical areas, industrial and agricultural and wastewater treatment plant can cause pollution into the stream and ultimately ended up in the ocean, affecting its marine biota. Thus, a standard and practical solution has been issued. In order to preserve these water body from pollution. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is one of the parameters measured in order to control the effluent from treatment such as WWTP complies to the standards in particular country. By having the COD concentration at certain locations, it is required to identify the suitable location with proper justification according to any study that has been conducted with similar condition.

METHODOLOGY

Apparatus 1. Beaker (250 mL) 2. Blender 3. COD Digestion Reagent Vial 4. DRB200 Reactor 5. Light shield/Adapter 6. Magnetic stirrer and stir bar 7. Pipet(0.1-1 mL) 8. Pipet(2 mL) 9. Pipet filter safety bulb 10. Test tube rack

Procedure

1. A waste water sample for COD test was prepared. Sample were taken from different samplings location. 2. The sample was diluted by mixing 5 ml of sample and 5 ml of distilled water. 2 ml of diluted sample will be used for the COD vial. 3. The COD vial filled with water sample and blank sample were labelled. 4. The vials were then inverted several times to mix the solutions. 5. Prepared samples were then inserted into the COD reactor. The heating block was set up to 150° C to digest for 2 hours. Start button was pressed. 6. After 2 hours, the samples were taken out from the reactor and left on the cooling rack for 45 minutes until it reached room temperature. 7. Surface of the vials were then cleaned with a tissue to ensure there is no fingerprints and the vial was bacteria-free. 8. Vial (blank sample) was inserted into the spectrophotometer and set up to no 435. 9. The start button was pressed and zero is selected to set for the blank sample. The value of the sample was then recorded. 10. Vial with waste water was then inserted into the spectrophotometer. The start button was pressed and the value of COD was recorded.

DATA ANALYSIS

Table 1.0: COD results sampling from five (5) different sampling locations. Sampling Location

Average COD (mg/L)

Location 1

5 ± 0.2

Location 2

250 ± 13

Location 3

18 ± 2

Location 4

500 ± 37

Location 5

18,000 ± 1750

Table 2.0: COD results sampling with source of water sample according to references. Sampling Location

Possible Source of Water Sample

Location 1



Rivers

Location 2



Treated Effluent



Polluted Rivers



Primary/Secondary Effluent

Location 3



Rivers

Location 4



Raw Municipal Sewage

Location 5



Contaminated Industrial Effluent

DISCUSSION

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is a test that measures the amount of oxygen that required to chemically oxidize the organic material and inorganic nutrients such as Ammonia or Nitrate that present in water. The COD is widely used as measure of the susceptibility to oxidation of the organic and inorganic materials present in water bodies and in the effluents from sewage and industrial plants. The concentrations of COD were observed in surface waters range from 20 mg l-1 O2 or less in unpolluted waters to the higher than 200 mg l-1 O2 in water receiving effluents. Industrial wastewater may have COD values ranging from 100 mg l-1 O2 to 60,000 mg l-1 O2. COD is important water quality parameter and is used in a wide range of applications including to confirm wastewater discharge and the waste treatment procedure meets criteria set by regulators. COD measurements are also used as an indicator of the size of a wastewater treatment plant required for a specific location. The experiment was conducted to determine the concentration of COD in water sample. Sample from five different location were taken to the laboratory for determination of concentration of COD level. The water sample was diluted and filled into COD vial. The blank sample and water sample were labelled. The prepared sample were inserted to COD reactor and heated for two hours. After that, the sample were cooled for 45 minutes to reach the room temperature. The vials cleaned with tissue to ensure no fingerprints on the vials and vials was bacteria- free. The blank sample were inserted into spectrophotometer for COD reading and followed by the water sample. Then, the COD reading for both blank sample and water sample were obtained. Based on the result, the sampling location can be predicted. Location 1 and location 3 can be predicted by referring the article from Razelan, F. M., Tahir, W., & Yahaya, N. K. E. (2018, April). The source for each location was the river. This is because from the table 3, the range value of COD for location 1 and 3 are below 100. Next, according to the article by Dey, S., & Islam, A. (2015), the location 2 was predicted effluent which is from textile waste. This is because the value of COD for location 2 was 250 ± 13. Furthermore, the source water from the location 4 was predicted coming from the raw municipal sewage that was stated in the article from Gutiérrez-Capitán, M., Baldi, A., Gómez, R., García, V., Jimenez-Jorquera, C., & Fernández-Sánchez, C. (2015). According to the journal by Kanu, I., & Achi, O. K. (2011), location 5 was predicted to be a contaminated industrial effluent. This is because the average COD value is high. 18,000 ± 1750 is in the range of industrial wastewater.

CONCLUSION

In a conclusion, the objectives of this experiment were achieved. COD is a measurement of the oxygen that required to oxidize soluble and particulate organic matter. In addition, COD is one of the parameters measured in order to control the effluent from treatment such as WWTP complies to the standards in particular country. Therefore, by having the COD concentration at certain locations, students are able to identify the suitable location with proper justification according the condition. Based on this experiment, students are able to measure the concentration of COD in water sample of the five different location with correct procedures. Besides, the student able to identify and justify the possible source of the water sample for each location based on the COD reading that obtained very clearly. It can be proven that the source of Location 1 and 3 is identified as river. Meanwhile, location 2 was predicted effluent which is from textile waste. For the location 4 the source of water might be coming from the raw municipal sewage and for location 5 was predicted to be a contaminated industrial effluent. In this experiment, students are also able to analyze and interpret the result of COD experiment with clearly defined. Referring the result, location 5 shows the highest average which is 18,000 ± 1750 mg/L compared to other locations. This result shows the value is over range because the normal concentration of COD values should be 50 mg/L regarding class III of WQI. It can be concluded that the water is dirty and polluted. Last but not least, there are some safety precaution that should follows while conducting the experiment. Firstly, students should handle the chemicals and apparatus carefully such us make sure the vials were handled with clipper to avoid any incident. Next, student have to make sure that the surface of the vials ware cleaned with a tissue to ensure there is no fingerprints and the vial was bacteria-free in order to get accurate result.

REFERENCES

1. Typical COD levels found in natural waters and sewage/effluent. Retrieved from https://www.proteus-instruments.com/parameters/chemical-oxygen-demand-codsensors/ 2. Kanu, I., & Achi, O. K. (2011). Industrial effluents and their impact on water quality of receiving rivers in Nigeria. Journal of applied technology in environmental sanitation, 1(1), 75-86. Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=http://www.academia.edu/download/3424 7985/kanu_achi_2011.pdf&hl=en&sa=T&oi=gsbggp&ct=res&cd=0&d=4071339120554975251&ei=PQnqX8yeOfmB6rQP_Yq7gAs& scisig=AAGBfm2gSh3stOik3AVD3sAs2pnfeYCUVw 3. Razelan, F. M., Tahir, W., & Yahaya, N. K. E. (2018, April). Studies on the current state of water quality in the Segamat River. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 140, No. 1, p. 012016). IOP Publishing. Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/ 17551315/140/1/012016/meta&hl=en&sa=T&oi=gsb&ct=res&cd=0&d=14192089019351 565993&ei=cAnqX7ZIjuDKBKb4oIAL&scisig=AAGBfm1MGLkeAyeU1xVkACD VW81QSUdq3A 4. Gutiérrez-Capitán, M., Baldi, A., Gómez, R., García, V., Jimenez-Jorquera, C., & Fernández-Sánchez, C. (2015). Electrochemical nanocomposite-derived sensor for the analysis of chemical oxygen demand in urban wastewaters. Analytical chemistry, 87(4), 2152-2160. Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac50 3329a&hl=en&sa=T&oi=gsb&ct=res&cd=0&d=9093669118137965467&ei=mgnqX 6GGMMedywTxxouACw&scisig=AAGBfm3e0F6pA5tDtTPn4OQCvailPwCmkw 5. Dey, S., & Islam, A. (2015). A review on textile wastewater characterization in Bangladesh. Resources and Environment, 5(1), 15-44. Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ashr aful_Islam20/publication/283507015_A_Review_on_Textile_Wastewater_Characteri zation_in_Bangladesh/links/563c2ef108ae405111a78a60.pdf&hl=en&sa=T&oi=gsbggp&ct=res&cd=0&d=5590444098723968571&ei=0BTqX8KBL8THywSPtbWACw &scisig=AAGBfm2iPE0ldI5bhdCAZFQ9q4KNv9uvug...