LEARNING MODULE IN AGRI-FISHERY ARTS AGRI-FISHERY ARTS LEARNING MODULE ii LEARNING MODULE IN AGRI-FISHERY ARTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PDF

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Republic of the Philippines Batangas State University Balayan Campus Caloocan, Balayan, Batangas AGRI-FISHERY ARTS LEARNING MODULE LEARNING MODULE IN AGRI-FISHERY ARTS ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This Learning Module was developed for all students of Bachelor of Science in Industrial Education Major in Indus...

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Republic of the Philippines Batangas State University Balayan Campus Caloocan, Balayan, Batangas

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This Learning Module was developed for all students of Bachelor of Science in Industrial Education Major in Industrial Arts, Bachelor of TechnicalVocational Teacher Education, and for those people who were hungry and thirsty in knowledge about Agriculture and Fishery Arts.

This Learning Module in Agri-Fishery Arts was perseveringly developed by the following researchers:

MODULE WRITERS Aljohn S. Bituin Rosalie R. Calisura Lady Len A. Fabricante Aljer V. Lagus

ADVISER/CO-AUTHOR Mr. Melecio Joseph B. Bo Fishery Technologist/Instructor III

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What Is This Module About? Welcome to the Agri-Fishery Arts! In order to make the learning easier, we developed this learning module in Agri-Fishery Arts that will guide the students to know better in a faster yet competitive way. This learning module will may serves as reference to the teacher and student in the exciting journey of knowing and acquiring factual knowledge in the field of Agriculture and Fishery sector.

The purpose of this module is to give knowledge for all students about Agri-Fishery Arts subject as part of the curriculum of Bachelor of Science in Industrial Education students and also in the new curriculum of Bachelor in Technical-Vocational Teacher Education which is the Introduction to AgriFishery Arts.

This module covers nine (9) chapters that were composed of twentyeight (28) lessons. They are including in the following: Chapter One: Basic Concept of Agricultural Crop – Lesson 1: Define and Appreciate Agriculture, Lesson 2: Brief History of Agriculture, Lesson 3: Branches of Agriculture, Lesson 4: Types of Agricultural Crops, Lesson 5: Types of Commercial Food Crops in the Philippines, Lesson 6: Parts of the Plant and Its Function. Chapter Two: Farm Tools, Equipments, Inputs and Labor – Lesson 1: Recognize and Select Farm Tools, Lesson 2: Identify and Select Farm Equipments, Lesson 3: Perform Maintenance, Lesson 4: Farm Inputs and Labor. LEARNING MODULE IN AGRI-FISHERY ARTS

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Chapter Three: Basic Calculation – Lesson 1: Perform Basic Workplace Calculation. Chapter Four: Plans and Drawings – Lesson 1: Farm Plans and LayOut, Lesson 2: Irrigation Plan and Design. Chapter Five: Apply Safety Measures in Farm Operations – Lesson 1: Safety Measures in Farm Operations, Lesson 2: Safe Keep/Dispose Materials and Outfit. Chapter Six: Basic Concept of Fishery – Lesson 1: Definition of Fishery and Its Importance, Lesson 2: History of Fishery, Lesson 3 Branches of Fishery, Lesson 4: Morphology of Fish. Chapter Seven: Fish Culture – Lesson 1: Aspects, Classification and Methods of Fish Culture, Lesson 2: Terminologies in Fish Culture, Lesson 3: Facilities, Parts of Fish Pond and their Functions, Lesson 4: Cultivable Fish and Crustacean Species Chapter Eight: Fish Capture – Lesson 1: Fishing Methods, Gears, Construction, Operation, Proper Handling and Safety Measures, Lesson 2: Common Commercial Species of Aquatic Species Chapter Nine: Fish Preservation – Lesson 1: Fish Preservation Terminologies, Fish Body, Cuts and Market Forms, Lesson 2: Fish Preservation Principles, Characteristics of Fresh from Stale Fish, Agents of Spoilage, Lesson 3: Types of Fish Curing with their Principles, Methods of Cutting Fish and Tools and Equipments.

This learning module aims to give students accurate and reliable information in Agriculture and Fishery Arts to apply the ability and skills LEARNING MODULE IN AGRI-FISHERY ARTS

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required for the cultivation and development of natural resources of the Philippines. It will surely help the students to understand more the purpose and importance of Agri-Fishery Arts in the everyday lives.

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How Do You Use This Module?

This Module has nine Chapters and each has the following parts:  Title  Learning Outcomes  Pre-Test  Definition of Terms  Lesson Proper  Activity  Post-Test  Answer Key (at the later part of the module) To get the most learning from this module, you need to comply the following: 1. Begin by analysing the chapter picture, then reading and understanding the Learning Outcomes. These will show what you should know and be able to do at the end of this module.

2. Find out what you already know by taking the Pre-Test then check it with the use of answer key. If you get perfect score in each item, now you may proceed to the next chapter. This means that you don’t have to go through the entire chapter because you already acquired the knowledge supposed to teach you. On the other hand, if you failed to get a perfect score in each items correctly, you must proceed and study well

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the information in the lesson especially to the points where you don’t know. 3. Understand unfamiliar words using the definition of terms. 4. Study well the lesson proper as much as you can. It provides essential information that you needed to know. 5. Do the required learning activities. This part of the module where the demonstration and application occurs. Every lesson has an activity which provides the first-hand experiences if possible and mindprovoking questions for the newly acquired knowledge to be strengthened. 6. Take the Post-Test. Check if you can get a perfect score in the assessment test. After you take, refer to the answer key for correction. The result of the test will determine how much you learn in the topic. When you get a perfect score in the Post-Test, you may now proceed to the next chapter, but if not you must repeat to study the entire lesson proper and review especially those items which you get incorrectly. When you are confident to perfect the test and then retake the Post-Test. Don’t cheat yourself because no one will benefit!

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement

ii

What Is This Module About?

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How Do You Use This Module?

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AGRICULTURE ARTS CHAPTER 1 – Basic Concepts of Agricultural Crop Production

2

Lesson 1 Definition and Importance of Agriculture

7

Lesson 2 Brief History of Agriculture

10

Lesson 3 Branches of Agriculture

15

Lesson 4 Types of Agricultural Crops and Its Classifications

23

Lesson 5 Types Of Commercial Food Crops in the Philippines

35

Lesson 6 Plant Parts and Its Function

40

CHAPTER 2 – Farm Tools, Equipments, Inputs and Labor

60

Lesson 1 Farm Tools

65

Lesson 2 Farm Equipment

76

Lesson 3 Maintenance

81

Lesson 4 Farm Inputs and Labor

88

CHAPTER 3 – Basic Calculation

101

Lesson 1 Basic Workplace Calculation

104

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CHAPTER 4- Farm Plans and Drawing

128

Lesson 1 Farm Plans and Layout

135

Lesson 2 Irrigation Plans and Design

147

CHAPTER 5- Safety Measures in Farm Operations

166

Lesson 1 Safety Measures in Farm Operation

171

Lesson 2 Safe Keep/Dispose Tools, Materials and Outfit

182

FISHERY ARTS

CHAPTER 6 – Basic Concept of Fishery

195

Lesson 1 Definition of Fishery and Its Importance

202

Lesson 2 Brief History of Fishery

206

Lesson 3 Branches of Fishery

210

Lesson 4 Morphology of Fish

217

CHAPTER 7 – Fish Culture

225

Lesson 1 Aspects, Classifications and Methods of Fish Culture

231

Lesson 2 Terminologies in Fish Culture

238

Lesson 3 Facilities, Parts of Fish Pond and Their Functions

243

Lesson 4 Cultivable Fish and Crustacean Species

255

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CHAPTER 8 – Fish Capture

281

Lesson 1.1 Fishing Methods and Gears

287

Lesson 1.2 Fishing Gear Construction and Operation

316

Lesson 1.3 Fishing Gear Proper Handling and Safety Measures

317

Lesson 2

318

Common Commercial Species of Aquatic Resources

CHAPTER 9 – Fish Preservation

336

Lesson 1.1 Fish Preservation Terminologies

342

Lesson 1.2 Body, Cuts and Market Forms of Fish

345

Lesson 2.1 Fish Preservation Principles

354

Lesson 2.2 Characteristics of Fresh from Stale Fish

355

Lesson 2.3 Agents of Spoilage

357

Lesson 3.1 Types of Fish Curing with Their Principles

361

Lesson 3.2 Tools and Equipment

368

Answer Key

380

Bibliography

387

LEARNING MODULE IN AGRI-FISHERY ARTS

Agriculture art

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CHAPTER 1 Basic Concepts of Agricultural Crop Production

take the challenge! At the end of this chapter, the students are expected to: Lesson 1: Define and Appreciate Agriculture Lesson 2: Understand the Brief History of Agriculture Lesson 3: Distinguish the Branches of Agriculture Lesson 4: Determine the Types of Agricultural Crops

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take the challenge! At the end of this chapter, the students are expected to: Lesson 5: Define the Different Types of Commercial Food Crops in the Philippines, Its Common, Local and Scientific Names Lesson 6: Identify and Explain the Parts of the Plants and Its Function

PRE-TEST

Test I. Multiple choice Direction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 1. What is the science, art and practice of farming which includes the cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops, fruit-bearing trees and livestock production? a. agronomy b. horticulture c. agriculture d. olericulture 2. It is the science dealing with the cultivation of vegetable crops. a. horticulture b. agronomy c. olericulture d. agriculture 3. It is a plant that lives more than two years. a. annual crops b. biennial crops c. perennial crops d. millennial crops LEARNING MODULE IN AGRI-FISHERY ARTS

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4. It refers to the raising of birds either domestically or commercially, primarily for meat and eggs including feathers. a. swine raising b. bird culture c. poultry farming d. zoology 5. _________ is the study of the allocation, distribution and utilization of the resources used along with the commodities produced, by farming. a. agricultural management b. agricultural economics c. agricultural administration d. agricultural organization 6. _________ is the area of engineering concerned with the design, construction and improvement of farming equipment and machinery. a. agricultural construction b. agricultural design c. agricultural system d. agricultural engineering 7. _________ is the cultivation of fruit crops. a. floriculture b. fruiticulture c. pomology d. horticulture 8. _________ is the science and art of growing and caring for plants, especially flowers, fruits, and vegetables. a. floriculture b. olericulture c. pomology d. horticulture

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9. _________ is the husbandry of grazing animals viewed as an ideal way of making a living and the regular movement of all or part of the society considered a normal and natural part of life. a. nomadic pastoralism b. greek pastoralism c. roman pastoralism d. pastoralism 10. ________ is the vital part of every economy. a. Farming b. Agro-industrial c. Agriculture d. Agribusiness

Test II: True or False Directions: Write True if the statement is correct and False if it is wrong. ___________1. Agriculture is only the cultivation of soil to prepare for planting. __________ 2. Agriculture is one of the best examples of farming. __________ 3. Animal Husbandry is a branch of agriculture. __________ 4. The major source of raw materials is from the product of agriculture. __________ 5. Agriculture obstructs the economic growth because of the industrial and commercial buildings are unable to expand their land possessions.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS

Agriculture – it is the science, art and practice of cultivating the soil, producing crops and raising livestock and in varying degrees the preparation and marketing and resulting of products Farm Equipment - These are machineries used in crop production. They are used in land preparation and in transporting farm inputs and products. These equipment need a highly skilled operator to use Farm Implements - accessories pulled by animals or mounted to machineries to make the work easier Farm Tools - objects that are usually light and are used without the help of animals and machines Fertile Crescent – semicircle of fertile land stretching from southeast coast of Mediterranean around Syrian Desert, North of Arabia to Persian Gulf Neolithic – of or relating to the latest period of the Stone Age characterized by polished stone implements Parthenocarpy – the production of fruits without fertilization

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LESSON 1: DEFINITION AND IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE

What is Agriculture? Nominal Definition (explains what a name is) Agriculture comes from the Latin words ager, agri meaning field and cultura meaning growing, cultivation. Therefore it means “growing and cultivating of the field.”

Real Definition (explains what a thing is) Agriculture is the science or practice of farming which includes the cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and fruit-bearing trees. It also considers the raising of animals to provide food and other raw materials which can produce another product.

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Elements in the Definition of Agriculture 

It is a science, because of systematically organized body of knowledge which not only based on opinions, hypothesis and theories but on factual and absolute knowledge. Also, it is a practice because of the actual applications of the ideas.



Of farming, because is the act or process of working the ground, planting seeds, and growing edible plants. It can also include raising animals for milk, meat and wool.

VALUE OF AGRICULTURE Agriculture has a vital role in the life and progress of an economy. It does provide food which is the basic needs of mankind, not only to sustain food and raw material but also employment opportunities to a vast number of the population of a country. It can be a source of livelihood which can contribute to micro and macro community, supplying and sustaining food and fodder that are the basic necessities of human to live, promoting the diplomatic friendship facilitated by trading system in local, national and international arena, marketable surplus products, source of saving of the entire national budget and basis of the economic development of a country. Without agriculture, the economy will be at high risk to food security that may result into serious national problems. The effect may be adverse or even worse.

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Activity

Direction: Answer the following questions. 1. What is the definition of agriculture? Justify. 2. Cite a value of agriculture that without it can create serious national problem.

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LESSON 2: BRIEF HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE

Agriculture was developed at least 10,000 years ago, and it has undergone significant developments since the time of the earliest cultivation.

Ancient Origins The Fertile Crescent of the Middle East was the site of the earliest planned sowing and harvesting of plants that had previously been gathered in the wild. Independent development of agriculture occurred in northern and southern China, Africa's Sahel, New Guinea and several regions of the Americas. Barley has been found in archeological sites in Levant, and East of the Zagros Mountains in Iran. The eight so-called Neolithic founder crops of agriculture includes emmer wheat einkorn wheat, hulled barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chick peas and flax. Bitter vetch and lentils along with almonds and pistachios appear in Franchthi Cave Greece simultaneously, about 9,000 BC. Neither was native LEARNING MODULE IN AGRI-FISHERY ARTS

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to Greece, and they appear 2,000 years prior to domesticated wheat in the same location. This suggests that the cultivation of legumes and nuts preceded that of grain in some Neolithic cultures. By 7,000 BC, small-scale agriculture reached Egypt. From at least 7,000 BC the Indian subcontinent saw farming of wheat and barley, as attested by archaeological excavation at Mehrgarh in Balochistan. By 6,000 BC, mid-scale farming was entrenched on the banks of the Nile. About this time, agriculture was developed independently in the Far East, with rice, rather than wheat, as the primary crop. Chinese and Indonesian farmers went on to domesticate taro and beans including mung, soy and azuki. To complement these new sources of carbohydrates, highly organized net fishing of rivers, lakes and ocean shores in these areas brought in great volumes of essential protein. Collectively, these new methods of farming and fishing inaugurated human population boom dwarfing all previous expansions, and it continues today. By 5,000 BC, the Sumerians had developed core agricultural techniques including large scale intensive cultivation of land, mono-cropping, organized irrigation, and use of a specialized labour force, particularly along the waterway now known as the Shatt al-Arab, from its Persian Gulf delta to the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates. Domestication of wild aurochs and mouflon into cattle and sheep, respectively, ushered in the large-scale use of animals for food/fiber and as beasts of burden. The shepherd joined the farmer as an essential provider for sedentary and semi-nomadic societies. Maize, manioc, and arrowroot were first domesticated in the Americas as far back as 5,200 BC. The potato, tomato, pepper, squash, several varieties of bean, tobacco, and several other plants were also developed in the New World, as was extensive terracing of steep hillsides in much of Andean South America. The Greeks and Romans built on techniques pioneered by the Sumerians but made few fundamentally new advances. Southern Greeks struggled with very poor

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soils, yet managed to become a dominant society for ye...