Lecture 3 -Integrative Approach PDF

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CHAPTER 2 A MULTIDIMENSIONAL INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Please note that there are chunks of the chapter that we will not be reviewing in class today but you are responsible for this material (as per your syllabus).

Dr. C. Meghan McMurtry, C. Psych Info from Barlow et al. 2015 textbook unless otherwise noted. Chapter 2

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MULTIDIMENSIONAL MODELS • “System” of reciprocal influences that cause and maintain suffering • Draws upon information from several sources • Interdisciplinary and integrative • View abnormal behaviour as multiply determined – Can’t consider factors in isolation 2 ADAPTED FROM 2012 Nelson Education Limited

MULTIDIMENSIONAL MODELS OF ABNORMAL • Biological factors (genetics, physiology, neurobiology) • Learning factors (conditioning, modelling) • Emotional factors • Cognitive factors • Social factors • Cultural factors 3 ADAPTED FROM 2015 Nelson Education Limited

Genes • Nature of Genes – Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) double helix – Normal cell: 23 pairs chromosomes – Dominant vs. recessive genes – Development and behaviour often polygenetic – Genetic contribution to psychopathology < 50% ADAPTED FROM 2012 Nelson Education Limited

Picture http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/illustrations/dnastructure

Models: Gene-Environment Interactions Diathesis-Stress Model, Fig 2.2

OVERSIMPLIFIED Gene-Environment Correlation Model, Fig. 2.4

Epigenetics: Genes get turned on? Gene-Environment Interaction • Only some genes are “turned on” or “expressed” in a given cell – What genes are active is influenced by environmental context, social context etc.!

• May not be just for kids: adulthood plasticity as well

NEUROSCIENCE AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY • Field of Neuroscience – Role of the nervous system in disease and behaviour

• Central Nervous System (CNS) – Brain and spinal cord

• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – Somatic and autonomic branches

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Neurons • Neuronal structure – Soma: Cell body – Dendrites: Branches receive messages from other neurons – Axon: Trunk of neuron that sends messages to other neurons – Axon terminals (terminal endings): Buds at end of axon from which chemical messages are sent – Synapses (synaptic cleft) : Small gaps that separate neurons (next slide)

• Neurons function electrically, but communicate chemically – Neurotransmitters: chemical messengers

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NEUROSCIENCE AND THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Copyright © 2012 by Nelson Education Limited

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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS • Somatic Branch of PNS: – Voluntary muscles & movement

• Autonomic Branch of the PNS: – Sympathetic & parasympathetic branches – Regulate cardiovascular system, body temperature, endocrine system. Involved in digestion.

• Endocrine System: Hormones • Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenalcortical Axis (HPA axis) – Integration of endocrine & nervous system function 11 ADAPTED FROM 2012 Nelson Education Limited

NEUROTRANSMITTERS • Functions of Neurotransmitters (NT) – Agonists: increase activity (act like the NT or block reuptake into neuron) – Antagonists: reduce activity (block NT or receptors) – Inverse agonists: produce opposite effects than the NT (e.g., increase other biochemicals which reduce NT) Most drugs are either agonistic or antagonistic 12 ADAPTED FROM 2012 Nelson Education Limited

BRAIN FUNCTIONING: IMPLICATIONS FOR PSYCHOPATHOLOGY • Relations between brain and abnormal behaviour – E.g., obsessive compulsive disorder

• Therapy can change brain structure and function – Medications and psychotherapy

• Experience can change brain function and maybe structure 13 ADAPTED FROM 2012 Nelson Education Limited

BEHAVIOURAL AND COGNITIVE SCIENCE • Conditioning and Cognitive Processes – Learned helplessness – Modelling and vicarious learning

• Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy

Thoughts

Feelings

More here when we focus on anxiety & mood disorders and stress

Behaviours 14

Components of Emotion, Fig 2.16

t © 2015 by Nelson Education Limited

CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND INTERPERSONAL FACTORS • Cultural Factors – Influence the form and expression of normal and abnormal behaviour

• Gender Effects – E.g., phobias affect many more women than men; major depression also much more common in women

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CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND INTERPERSONAL FACTORS • Social Relationships – Frequency and quality related to mortality, disease, and psychopathology • Pets are important too 

– Interpersonal psychotherapy

• Stigma of psychopathology is culturally, socially, and interpersonally situated

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LIFE-SPAN AND DEVELOPMENTAL INFLUENCES OVER PSYCHOPATHOLOGY • Life-Span Developmental Perspective – Addresses developmental changes • Influence and constrain what is normal and abnormal

• Principle of Equifinality – Concept in developmental psychopathology – Several paths to a given outcome Path A Path B Path C

Outcome

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