Lesson 1 - reviewer PDF

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LESSON 1.ART HISTORY: INTRODUCTION AND ASSUMPTIONWHAT IS HUMANITIES? Humanities came from the latin word “humanus” which means refined, cultured and human. Humanities deals with the study of man’s quest for answers to the fundamental questions he asks about life and about himself. It is through the ...

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LESSON 1.1 ART HISTORY: INTRODUCTION AND ASSUMPTION WHAT IS HUMANITIES? •

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Humanities came from the latin word “humanus” which means refined, cultured and human. Humanities deals with the study of man’s quest for answers to the fundamental questions he asks about life and about himself. It is through the study of humanities that one learns what is it to be human. It deals with man’s emotions, feelings, thoughts, ideas, sentiments and experiences.

IMPORTANCE OF HUMANITIES 1. Man gains an understanding of himself. 2. Man understands his natures. 3. Man is provided with a measure of his own passion and desire. 4. Man develops to be a complete and social man. 5. Man’s behavior is regulated. WHAT IS ART? • •

Art came from the latin word “ars” which means skill. Art refers to any activity that expresses aesthetic ideas by the use of skills and imagination in the creation of objects.

BASIC ASSUMPTIONS OF ART 1. Art is universal. 2. Art involves experience. 3. Art is not nature. 4. Art is everywhere. 5. Art is man’s oldest means of expression. 6. Art is an expression and communication.

LESSON 1.2 ART APPRECIATION: CREATIVITY, IMAGINATION, AND EXPRESSION  It takes an artist to make art. One may perceive beauty on a daily basis.  However, not every beautiful thing that can be seen or experienced may truly be called a work of art.  Art is a product of man’s creativity, imagination and expression. THE ROLE OF CREATIVITY IN ART MAKING  Creativity requires thinking outside the box.  We say something is done creatively when we have not yet seen anything like it or when it is out of the ordinary.  A creative artist does not simply copy or imitate another artist’s work.  He embraces originality, puts his own flavor into his work, and calls it his own creative piece. ART AS A PRODUCT OF IMAGINATION, IMAGINATION AS A PRODUCT OF ART Where do you think famous writers, painters and musicians get their ideas?  It all starts in the human mind. It all begins with imagination.  Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited to all we know and understand, while imagination embraces the entire world.  It all starts in the human mind. It all begins with imagination.  Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited to all we know and understand, while imagination embraces the entire world.  Through imagination, one is able to craft something new and something better.

 Artists use their imagination that gives birth to reality through creation.  Hence, imagination produces art, art also inspires imagination. ART AS EXPRESSION  There may have been times when you felt something is going on within you, you try to explain it but you do not know how.  Finally, you try to release yourself from this tormenting and disabling state by doing something, which is called expressing oneself.  An emotion will remain unknown to a man until he expresses it. WAYS OF EXPRESSING ONESELF THROUGH ART. VISUAL ARTS  Those that appeal to the sense of sight. FILM  refers to the art of putting together successions of still images in order to create an illusion of movement. PERFORMANCE ART  Performance art is a live art and the artist’s medium is mainly the human body which he or she uses to perform, but also employs other kind of art such as visual art, props or sound. POETRY PERFORMANCE  Poetry is an art form where the artist expresses his emotions through words. ARCHITECTURE  the making of beautiful buildings.  However, not all buildings are beautiful. Some buildings only embody the functionality they need but are not beautifully expressed.  Buildings should embody these three important elements – plan, construction and design – if they wish to merit the title architecture.

DANCE  a series of movements that follows the rhythm of the music accompaniment. LITERARY ART  Artists who practice literary arts use words to express themselves and communicate emotions to the readers.  It focuses on writing using a unique style, not following a specific format or norm. THEATER  Uses live performers to present accounts or imaginary events before a live audience. APPLIED ARTS  Artists in this field bring beauty, charm and comfort into many things that are useful in everyday life (industrial design, interior design, fashion design).

LESSON 1.3 FUNCTIONS AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ART Functional Art  refers to art that we use in our daily lives such as tools, architectural structures, roads, bridges, buildings, furniture. Kitchen utensils, coins, bills, dress, weapons, etc. Indirectly Functional Art  refers to the arts that are “perceived through the senses“ such as fine arts, painting, music, sculpture, dance, literary piece, theatrical performances and the like. FUNCTIONS OF ART 1. Personal Function – depends on the viewer or the artist who created the art. 2. Social Function – addresses a particular collective interest. 3. Physical Function – art that fulfills and satisfy man’s need.

OTHER FUNCTIONS OF ART Aesthetic Function  An artwork functions aesthetically when it becomes instrumental for a man to be cognizant of the beauty of nature and where the real feelings of joy and appreciation to nature’s beauty are manifested through appreciation and enjoyment when in contact with the artwork. Cultural Function  Art serves as an aperture towards skills, knowledge, attitudes, customs, and traditions of different groups of people. The Art helps, preserves, shares and transmits culture of people from one generation to another. Political Function – campaign art; politician promoting political agenda Religious Function – almost all forms of art evolved from religion Economic Function – people believe it does not pay to be an artist PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ART Art as an Imitation  According to Plato, artist are imitators and art is just a mere imitations.  The things in this world are only copies of the original, the eternal and the true entities that can only be found in the world of forms. The theory of Forms or theory of Ideas is Plato's argument that non-physical forms (or ideas) represent the most accurate reality A Form is an objective "blueprint" of perfection. The Forms are perfect themselves because they are unchanging. For example, say we have a triangle drawn on a blackboard. A triangle is a polygon with 3 sides. The triangle as it is on the blackboard is far from perfect. However, it is only the intelligibility of the Form "triangle" that allows us to know the drawing on the chalkboard is a triangle, and the Form "triangle" is perfect and unchanging. It is exactly the same whenever anyone chooses to consider it.

 Plato was deeply suspicious of arts and artist for 2 reasons: 1. They appeal to the emotions rather than to the rational faculty of men. 2. They imitate rather than lead one to reality.  Socrates just like Plato claimed that art is just an imitation of imitation.  For Plato art is dangerous because it provides a petty replacement for the real entities that can be only attained through reason. Art as a Representation  Aristotle, Plato’s most important student in philosophy, agreed with his teacher that art is a form of imitation.  However, in contrast to his mentor’s disgust, Aristotle conceived of art as representing possible versions of reality.  For Aristotle, all kinds of art do not aim to represent reality as it is but to provide a vision of what might be or the many possibilities in reality. Art as a Disinterested Judgment  Immanuel Kant considered the judgment of beauty the cornerstone of art, as something that can be universal despite its subjectivity: and therefore, art is innately autonomous from specific interest.  For Kant, every human being, after perception and the free play of his faculties, should recognize the beauty that is inherent in a work of art.  This is the kind of universality that a judgment of beauty is assumed by Kant to have. Art as a Communication of Emotion  According to Leo Tolstoy, art place a huge role in communication to its audience emotions that the artist previously experienced.  Tolstoy is fighting for the social dimension of art. This means that art serves as a mechanism of cohesion for everyone.

LESSON 2.1 SUBJECT AND CONTENT BASIC COMPONENTS OF A WORK OF ART 1. SUBJECT – refers to the visual focus of the image that may be extracted from examining the artwork. 2. CONTENT – the meaning that is communicated by the artist or the artwork. 3. FORM – is how the elements and the medium or material are put together.

done by an insider artist or a devoted member of a religious group. 7. DREAMS AND FANTASIES - It refers to subjects that are inspired by the subconscious mind. CONTENT IN ART Why was the artwork created in the first place? When this question is asked, we are after the meaning or message that is expressed or communicated by the artwork.

In simpler terms, the subject is the “what”, the content is the “why” and the form is the “how”.

To take on the challenge of understanding the content of art there are various levels of meaning to be considered:

Subject in art generally refers to the thing, object, person, landscape, event, etc. depicted by artist in his/her artwork. Through the subject, the audience will be informed of what the artwork is all about.

1. Factual meaning – maybe extracted from the identifiable or recognizable forms in the artwork and understanding how this elements relate to one another.

An artwork that has subject is classified as a Representational Art. It is also known as objective art because you can easily objectify the subject. On the other hand, it is also known as non-objective art because it doesn’t represent anything.

2. Conventional meaning – pertains to the acknowledged interpretation of the artwork using motifs, signs, symbols and other cyphers as bases of its meaning. 3. Subjective meaning – a variety of meaning may arise when a particular work of art is read.

KINDS AND SOURCES OF SUBJECT 1. NATURE - This subject deals with environmentthe natural world.

4. It depends on what the viewer’s know, what they learned, what they experienced and the value they stand for.

2. ANIMALS - This is another kind of subject that is commonly used in any art forms, not only it is prevalent today but also during the Medieval period when early Christians used animal symbols such as peacock and fish to identify themselves as Christian believers.

It is therefore expected that meaning may not be singular, rather may communicate multiple meanings to the viewers.

3. PORTRAIT OR HUMAN FIGURES - A whole human figure or just a part of it. 4. History and Legends - This subject is inspired by history or legend. Historical events are real stories while legends are just imaginary. 5. STILL LIFE - Still life refers to in animating objects either in a form of a drawing, painting, or photograph 6. RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY - Religious or mythological art as a kind of art is usually

LESSON 2.2 ARTISTS AND ARTISANS WHAT MAKES AN ARTIST DIFFERENT FROM AN ARTISAN? Artist is an art practitioner such as painter, sculptor, choreographer, dancer, musician, etc. who produces or creates indirectly functional arts with aesthetic value using imagination. Artisan is a craftsman, such as carpenter, carver, plumber, blacksmith, weaver, embroider, etc. who produces directly functional and/or decorative arts.

PEOPLE IN THE ART WORLD 1. Curator – typically affiliated with museums and galleries and has the ability to research and write, as an arbiter of design and layout and decides for the display and hanging of materials for exhibition 2. Buyers and collectors - are often considered as one and the same. Nevertheless, buyers are those who assess and survey the artwork and oversee the sale on behalf of the collector. This happens if the latter wants to keep his identity hidden or maybe if he’s too busy. 3. Art dealers – are those in charge in the distribution and circulation of those artworks through varied means such as direct sales, through galleries or by auction.

MATERIALS USED IN PAINTING

WATERCOLOR it is difficult to handle because it is difficult to produce warm and rich tones but it invites brilliance and a variety of hues. GOUACHE An opaque watercolor painting the major effects of which are caused by the paper itself. FRESCO pigments are mixed with water and applied on a wet plaster. TEMPERA

pigments mixed with egg yolk or egg white. MEDIUM and TECHNIQUES Medium is the mode of expression in which the concept, idea or message is conveyed. These are the materials which are used by an artist to interpret his feelings or thoughts.

 PASTEL a stick of dried paste made of pigment round with chalk and compounded with gum water.

Many mediums are use in creating different works of art.

ENCAUSTIC used by Egyptians for painted portrait on mummy cases. It is done by painting with wax colors fixed with heat.

TECHNIQUE (artist) Is the manner in which artist controls his medium to achieve

OIL oil painting is the one of the most expensive art activities of today because of the materials.

the desired effect. It has something to do with the way he manipulates his mediums to express his idea.

pigments are mixed with linseed oil and applied to canvas.

VISUAL ARTS are those mediums that can be seen and which occupy space. THE VISUAL ART

ACRYLIC the medium used today by the modern painters and the only thinner used is water. DRAWING

PAINTING • Art of creating meaningful effects on flat surface by the use of pigments.

MATERIALS USED IN DRAWING

Painter uses:

Pencil leads are graded in different degrees of hardness or softness.

 Pigments on wood or canvas      

PENCIL

Most common medium in drawing.

PEN AND INK

one of the oldest mediums still in use. offers great variety of qualities, depending on the tools and techniques used in application. India ink – comes in liquid form; favorite medium of comic strip illustrators and cartoonists.

BISTRE brown pigment extracted from the soot of wood. CRAYONS pigments bound by wax and compressed into painted sticks. CHARCOAL carbonaceous materials obtained by heating wood or organic substances in the absence of oxygen. SILVERPOINT

silver stylus that produce a thin grayish line.

 SCULPTURE the art of making two or three dimensional representation by means of carving, casting, modeling and fabrication.

TERRA COTTA a brownish red clay that has been baked and used for making pots and small statues. BASIC SCULPTURE TECHNIQUES 1. CARVING – involves cutting or chipping away a shape from a mass of stone, wood or other hard materials. 2. MODELING – built using an armature and then shaped to create a form. 3. CASTING – reproducing the form from an original clay or wax model. 4. ASSEMBLING / FABRICATION – putting together of different materials to create an assembled sculpture. ARCHITECTURE the art of designing a building and supervising its construction.

MATERIALS USED IN SCULPTURE

a shelter to serve as protection of all activities of men.

STONE hard and brittle substance formed from mineral and earth material.

MATERIALS USED IN ARCHITECTURE rock materials    

IVORY comes from the tusk of elephants, the hard white substance used to make carving and billiard balls. METAL can be cast, cut, drilled, filled, bent, forged and stamped. PLASTER compose of lime, sand, and water. used extensively in making mannequins, models, molds, architectural decoration and other indoor sculptures. CLAY possesses little strength intention or compression and requires an armature for support. GLASS medium that is hard, brittle, more or less transparent substances produced by fusion. WOOD easier to carve than any mediums available. They are lighter and softer to carve despite of having greater tensile strength.

Metal materials Organic materials Hybrid materials Synthetic materials

AWARDS and CITATIONS In history, support for the arts and culture is not limited to the allocation of funding or patronship. The artist are given incentives and honor for their work through state-initiated and given awards and citations. 2 MAJOR AWARDS GIVEN TO PHILIPPINE ARTISTS A. Orden ng Pambansang Alagad ng Sining (Order of National Artists)

 The Order of National Artists is the highest National Recognition given to Filipino individuals who have made significant contributions to the development of Philippine arts. (Music, Dance, Theater, Visual Arts, Literature, Film, Architecture) Jointly administered by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) and the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) and conferred by the President of the Philippines upon recommendation by both institutions.

The first recipient was Fernando Amorsolo in 1972 (National Artist for Visual Arts). INCENTIVES AND PRIVILEGES 1. the rank and title 2. medallion or insignia and a citation 3. cash awards and a host of benefits (monthly life pension, medical and hospitalization and life insurance coverage) 4. a state funeral and burial at the Libingan ng mga Bayani. 5. a place of honor or designated area during national state functions, along with recognition or acknowledgement at cultural events.

B. Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (National Living Treasures Award) conducts the search for the finest traditional artists of the land whose distinctive skills have reach a high level of technical and artistic excellence and have been passed on to and widely practice by the present generation in his community. (weaving, carving, graphic and plastic arts, textile, pottery and other artistic expressions of traditional culture)

 created in 1992 under RA# 7355 by the NCCA. INCENTIVES AND PRIVILEGES 1. a specially designed gold medallion 2. an initial grant of 100,000php and a 10,000php monthly stipend for life (later increase to 14,000php) 3. maximum cumulative amount of 750,000php medical and hospitalization benefits 4. funeral assistance and tribute fit for a national living treasure...