Lesson 8 Cause and effect PDF

Preview

Summary

ggg...

Description

There are many transition words or transition phrases you can use to show a cause and effect relationship in your essay. They can be categorized into the following categories: coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs, and prepositions. When using them, you need to identify which category they belong to and pay attention to the sentence structure and the grammar rule. Got it! What's next? Subordinating conjunctions used to introduce a "cause" idea There are two subordinating conjunctions you can use to introduce a "cause" idea: because, since 

People visit a new city because they want to learn about new customs and the history of a different place. History and art museums often display culturally unique items such as relics from ancient ruins or painting and sculptures from distinct time periods.



Museums allow people to view objects or artifacts that they would never be able to sincethey are protected and preserved. What is a subordinating conjunction? Subordinating conjunctions link an independent clause and a subordinate clause. Here is a list of subordinating conjunctions:

Cause

Effect

Time

Contrast

Possibility

as because since

thus so that in order that

until while before once after

whereas while although despite that even though

if unless whether

Although I enjoy tennis, I much prefer basketball. Whereas Mark is shy and quiet, his brother James is the most outgoing person I've met! *"Although I enjoy tennis" is a "subordinate clause". "I much prefer basketball" is an "independent clause". *Do not use a subordinator with a coordinator: After we finish class, so we go to the park.

How to punctuate subordinating conjunctions

A subordinating conjunction joins a dependent clause to an independent clause. Three patterns are possible: Pattern: Subordinating conjunctions + subject + verb, subject + verb Pattern: Subject + verb, subordinating conjunctions + subject + verb Pattern: Subject + verb + subordinating conjunctions + subject + verb

Below are prepositions you can use to introduce a "cause" idea: owing to, due to, as a result of, as a consequence of, result from, arise from, on account of 

Owing to advancements in medical science, improved technology, and higher standards of living, the global population is now above seven billion people.



Due to human inclination for self value, social scientists believe that peer pressure arises from a lack of empathy.



As a result of the continual release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere from both electricity production and gasoline use, which account for 73% of emissions, the world is getting warmer.



As a consequence of global warming, the polar ice sheets are shrinking resulting in rising sea levels.



The number of serious outbreaks of disease in past centuries resulted from poor sanitary conditions in many cities.



Depression is a serious medical condition that primarily will arise from an imbalance in the function of neurotransmitters which control emotions.



On account of a lack of sleep, people experience drowsiness and irritability.

lightbulb_outlineWH AT IS A PR EPOSITION ? A preposition is followed by a noun or noun phrase Pattern: Preposition + noun phrase, subject + verb Pattern: Subject + verb + preposition + noun phrase

You can use so (coordinating conjunction) to introduce an "effect" idea: 

I've drunk six cups of coffee today, so I’ve got a headache. There are two subordinating conjunctions you can use to introduce an "effect" idea: thus, so that



Collaborative robots, or co-bots, should do dangerous work like mining, thus creating a safety net and safeguards for human workers.



We stayed out all night so that we could watch a meteor storm. Got it! What's next? What is a coordinating conjunction? A coordinating conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, or sentences. When a coordinating conjunction joins together two sentences, the resulting sentence is called a compound sentence. Got it! What's next? Here is a list of coordinating conjunctions:



and



or



nor



so



but



for



yet

How to punctuate coordinating conjunctions When a coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses, a comma is used before the coordinating conjunction. He has over a million pounds in his bank account, but he still gets up at six every morning to go to work. If a sentence begins with a coordinating conjunction, it is not followed by a comma. Yet the typical tenured professor's salary of $43,500 still represents 10% less buying power than the equivalent salary in 1970. Commas are not used between two verbs, two subjects, two complements, or two objects joined by a coordinating conjunction. She has beautiful blue eyes but a destructive personality. What is a subordinating conjunction? Subordinating conjunctions link an independent clause and a subordinate clause. Here is a list of subordinating conjunctions:

Cause

Effect

Time

Contrast

Possibility

as because since

thus so that in order that

until while before once after

whereas while although despite that even though

if unless whether

Although I enjoy tennis, I much prefer basketball. Whereas Mark is shy and quiet, his brother James is the most outgoing person I've met! *"Although I enjoy tennis" is a "subordinate clause". "I much prefer basketball" is an "independent clause". *Do not use a subordinator with a coordinator: After we finish class, so we go to the park.

How to punctuate subordinating conjunctions A subordinating conjunction joins a dependent clause to an independent clause. Three patterns are possible: Pattern: Subordinating conjunctions + subject + verb, subject + verb Pattern: Subject + verb, subordinating conjunctions + subject + verb Pattern: Subject + verb + subordinating conjunctions + subject + verb

Below are prepositions you can use to introduce an "effect" idea: result in, lead to, contribute to, bring about, give rise to 

As a consequence of global warming, the polar ice sheets are shrinking resulting in rising sea levels.



The experiment resulted in the discovery of a cure for cancer.



Reducing speed limits should lead to fewer death on the roads.



When oil drilling or transportation is done improperly it can result in oil spills. These spills can bring about terrible consequences for sea birds.



Personal stress can often times bring about the sleeping disorder insomnia.



Carbon dioxide contributes significantly to global warming by entering the atmosphere and waterways through many human activities.

 

Human activities have contributed substantially to climate change by adding CO2 and other heat-trapping gases to the atmosphere. International support has given rise to a new optimism in the company.

lightbulb_outlineWH AT IS A PR EPOSITION ? A preposition is followed by a noun or noun phrase Pattern: Preposition + noun phrase, subject + verb Pattern: Subject + verb + preposition + noun phrase...