LHRD 4723 Final PDF

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Detailed notes for Final Exam with Professor Gibbons ...

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Commonpur posemeans:  t owor kwi t hot her swi t hi nas har eds etofai msandv al ues ( A, V) 3keycomponent sofcommonpur pose:  I t soc c ur r enc ewi t hi ngr oups ;  I t spr es enc ei ns har edv al ues ,v i s i on,andai ms ;( V, V, A)  I t sc ent r al r ol ewhenwor k i ngi ncommuni t ywi t hot her s Li stdi ffer entnamesf oragr oup:  c ommi t t ee,c ounci l ,t eam,cl ub( C, C, T, C) Fr om al eader shi pper spect i ve,whati sagr oup?  3ormor epeopl ei nt er ac t i ngandcommuni c at i ng i nt er per s onal l yov ert i mei nor dert or eac hagoal Thebestt eamsar e:  s mal l gr oupsofpeopl ewhos pends i gni fi cantt i mes hapi nga pur pos et hatt heycol l ec t i v el yownandt het r ansl at i ngt hat pur pos ei nt os pec i fi cper f or mancegoal sf orwhi c ht heyar e mut ual l yacc ount abl e Whatar et eams ?  s pec i fi ct ypesofgr oups ;es s enceofat eam i scommon commi t mentwhi c hr equi r espur pos ei nwhi c ht eam member s canbel i ev e 3f oundat i onalel ement sofcommonpur pose:  v al ues  ai ms  v i s i on

Whatar eval ues ?  t heyenc ompas st heunder l y i ng,i nt angi bl et hi ngsi nwhi cha gr oupbel i ev esandbywhi c hi ti sdefined;c onv ey sas ens eof i dent i t y ,f r om boar dr oom t of act or yfl oor ,andhel ppeopl ef eel spec i alaboutwhatt heydo T/ F:Val uesmaybei mpl i c i torexpl i c i t ,butgr oupswi t hs t r ongcor e v al ueswi l l mani f estt hem t hr ought heway smember si nt er ac t ,t he s t or i est heys har e,s y mbol st heyembr ac e,andappr oac hest o r ec onci l i ngconfli c t s  Tr ue How i svi si onani mpor t antaspectt ocommonpur pose?  Vi s i ont ur nsanor gani z at i on' sc or ei deol ogy ,ors ens eof pur pos e,i nt oani mageoft hef ut ur e;agr ouppai nt sapi ct ur e ofi t sas pi r at i onsandi deal s T/ F:Agr oup' sv i s i oni sdi st i nctf r om i t spur pos e,ai ms ,andgoal s .  ( i ti sdi s t i nct ) Avi si ont hatexempl i fiest r ansf or mat i onall eader shi pr esul t s i n:  engender i ngendur i ngent hus i as mf orac as e Whatdoai msdof orcer t ai ngr oups?  Theyc l ar i f ydi ffer enc esbet weent hem;c l ar i f yi ngt hegr oup' s pr i or i t i esandv al uesandhel pst ogener at eahi ghl ev el of t r us tamonggr oupmember sandwi t hot hermember soft he communi t y

Whatar et wodi ffer entappr oachest oest abl i shi ngagr oup' s

ai ms?  Per s onal i z edvi s i on  Soc i al i z edv i s i on Per sonal i z edvi si oni scr eat edwhen:  t heper s oni nc har gecomesupwi t hadr eam orapl anand t henpass est hatv i s i onont ot hos ei nt hegr oup How i sasoci al i z edvi si onbui l t ?  Whengr oupmember scont r i but et os et t i ngt hebr oader di r ect i onoft hegr oup;t heyt henc ont r i but ec ol l ect i v el yt o es t abl i s hi ngai msandpur pos es ;r ecogni z espeopl e' s t endenc yt os uppor tandr emai ni nv es t edi nwhatt heyhav e hel pedt oc r eat e Whocameupwi t ht hest agesi ngr oupdevel opment ?  Tuc k manandJ ens on Whatar et he5st agesofgr oupdevel opment ?  For mi ng  St or mi ng  Nor mi ng  Per f or mi ng  Adj our ni ng For mi ng  occ ur sear l yi nt hegr oupdev el opmentpr oces s ;i ndi v i dual s f oc usondet er mi ni nghowt hegr oupcanaddr es st hei r i nt er es t sandneeds ,fi gur i ngoutwhatt hei rr ol eswi l l be, dec i di nghowt obeengagedi nt hel i f eoft hegr oup

St or mi ng

 Ast hegr oupev ol v es ,member si dent i f ydi ffer encesi n opi ni onaboutwhatpr oces st heywi l l us eandwhatt hei rr eal pur posesar e;member smayc hal l engeeachot herandpul l awayf r om eachot her ,t hepr ocess ,ort hepur pose.Mayhav e t or et ur nt ot hegr oup' spur pos esandfindway st owor k t hr ought hei rc ont r ov er s i es Nor mi ng  Wor k i ngt hr oughs t or mi ng;es t abl i s hesex pec t at i onsf oreac h ot her ;det er mi neshowt heywi l l wor kt oget her ,ands ol i di f y cul t ur eoft hegr oup Per f or mi ng  Ast hegr oups et t l esi nt owor k i ngt oget her ,t heybegi n per f or mi ngandmai nt ai ni nggr ouppr oces s es .Rec ogni z es needt obr i ngi nnewmember sandi ncor por at et hem i nt ot he ongoi nggoal soft hegr oup Adj our ni ng  Manygr oupsendanddi s band-of t ent hes t r uct ur er emai ns butt hegr ouphast os t ar tov eri nt hi sc y c l eandf or m agai n How dogr oupst r ansmi tt hei rcul t ur e ?  us i ngmy t hs ,s t or i es ,ors y mbol s( M, S, S) How dogr oupsusest or yt el l i ng?  t ol ear naboutt hei ror gani zat i onal hi st or y ,gui depost s ,and l egends ;t obr i ngmember st oget herar oundshar edv al ues ;t o i ns t i l l confidenc eandbui l dsuppor t

T/ F:Symbol sands t or i esar eaf ewway st hatgr oups

communi cat eashar eds ens eofv al uesandi dent i t yt o cul t i v at enewmember sandt ok eepex i s t i nggr oupmember s ont r ack .  ( TRUE)

How dogr oupssust ai ncommonpur pose?  Par t i c i pant smus tper cei v et heac t i v i t yasi nt r i ns i c al l y r ewar di ng  Thec hal l engeofanact i vi t ys houl dbeappr opr i at ef ort he abi l i t yl ev elofpar t i ci pant s  Par t i c i pant swi l l r emai nent husi as t i caboutt heac t i v i t yi ft hey s eet hems el v esasc ont r i but i ngt o,r ai s i ngt hes i ght sof ,and enhanc i ngt heeffor t sofot herpeopl epur s ui ngt hes ame ac t i v i t y  Par t i c i pant ss houl dr ecei v es omepos i t i v eex t er nal benefi t s f ort hei rengagement Whati sadi l emmat hatposesapr obl em f orsomegr oups ?  Ar egul ar l yr ev ol vi ngmember s hi p T/ F:Engagi ngi ns ucc es s f ulands ust ai nabl egr oupwor kt owar da c ommonpur pos ei sv er ydi ffic ul twi t houtopencommuni cat i on bet weengr oupmember s .  Tr ue Fouraspect sofeffect i vecommuni cat i onf orgr oups:  c ommonl anguage,l i st eni ng,conv ey i ngamess age,and r eflec t i v eandmeani ngf ul di al ogue

Li st eni ng:  Agoodpl ac et os t ar ti ndev el opi ngone' sper s onal communi cat i ons k i l l s Hear i ng:  i st hephy s i ol ogi calpr oces s ,i nv ol v i ngt hev i br at i onofsound wav esonourear dr umsandt hefir i ngofel ec t r oc hemi c al i mpul s esf r om t hei nnereart ot hec ent r al audi t or ys y s t em of t hebr ai n Mostpeopl eonl ygr aspaboutofwhatt heyhear ,evenwhen t heybel i evet heyar el i st eni ngat t ent i vel y  50% Whati spassi vel i st eni ng?  Hal f l i s t eni ngt os omeonewhi l ebei ngengagedi nanot her ac t i v i t y Whati si nvol vedi nact i vel i st eni ng?  Foc us i ngone' sundi v i dedat t ent i onont heper s ons peak i ng andput t i ngf or t hagenui neeffor tt ounder s t andt hecont ent andf eel i ngst hatheors hei st r y i ngt oc ommuni c at e How t obeanact i vel i st ener :  i ndi v i dual ss houl dl i s t enf ort hecont entandt heemot i on; occas i onal l ypar aphr aset hes peak er ' smes s ageandf eel i ngs backt ot hem t obes ur et hemess agei sbei ngac c ur at el y under s t ood;l i s t enwi t houti nt er r upt i ngoras sumi ngwhatt he per soni saboutt os ay . Whatt wot hi ngswi l lhaveal ar gei mpact( when communi cat i ng)ont hel i st ener ' sabi l i t yt oheart hemessage  Languageandt one

 Rosenber gr ecommendst hatpeopl ecommuni cat e usi ng:obs er v at i onr at hert hanev al uat i ons Rosenber gi dent i fiedt hati ndi vi dual sshoul dl ear nt oconnect mor eeasi l ywi t honeanot her :  Tonameandex pr es sf eel i ngs Rosenber gst at espeopl emustl ear nhow t odowhatr at her t hanmakedemandst hatmaybackpeopl ei nt ocor ner s?  Tomak ec l earandspec i fi cr eques t saboutwhatt heyneed f r om oneanot her I nor derf ori ndi vi dual st of eelt hatt heyhaveowner shi pand shar edpoweri nagr oup,i ti si mpor t antf ort hem t odowhat ?  Beabl et oent eri nt oordec l i near eques tf r eel y Br own,I saacs,andTheWor l dCaf eCommuni t yoffer edwhat suggest i onst ohel pwi t hdevel opi ngr eflect i ve communi cat i on?  Cr eat i ngac l i mat eofdi s c ov er yi nwhi c hnewi deasar e encour agedandex pl or ed;bei ngcar ef ult ol i s t enf ul l yand sus pendpr emat ur ej udgment ;t ak i ngt het i met oex pl or e under l y i ngbel i ef sandas s umpt i onshel dbyt hegr oup; encour agi ngandc r eat i ngs pacef orawi der angeof per spect i v es ;t aki ngt het i met or eflectonandar t i c ul at e shar edunder s t andi ngst hatt hegr oupcomest ot hr oughout t heconv er s at i onpr oc es s JohnsonandJohnsondescr i bessevenwaysi nwhi ch gr oupst ypi cal l ymakedeci si onswhi char e:  Deci s i onbyaut hor i t ywi t houtdi sc us s i on:as i ngl epos i t i onal l eadermak esafinal dec i si onwi t houtconsul t i nggr oup member s  Deci s i onbyaut hor i t yaf t erdi sc us s i on:t hepos i t i onall eader

    

consul t sgr oupmember sf ort hei rper s pect i v esandi deasbut ul t i mat el ymak est hefinal dec i s i on Exper tmember :t hefinal deci si oni smadebyt hegr oup memberwi t hmos tex per i enc eorknowl edge Av er agemember ' sopi ni on:t hedec i si oni sbas edonwhati s pr esumedt obet heopi ni onoft hemos tt y pi cal member Maj or i t yc ont r ol Mi nor i t yc ont r ol ( of t enhappenswi t ht i mepr es s ur es ) Consensus :gr oupmember scont i nuet odi sc us sand per s uadeeac hot herunt i l ev er y oneagr ees

T/ F:Ac ons ens usi mpl i est hatev er y onei ss at i s fi edwi t ht he dec i s i onort hatev enmostgr oupmember sbel i ev et hatt hebes t dec i s i onhasbeenr eac hed  Fal s e 4gui del i nesf orr eachi ngconsensuswi t hi nagr oup:  Cl ear l ydefi net hei s s uef ac i ngt het eam  Foc usons i mi l ar i t i esbet weenposi t i ons  Ens ur et hatt her ei sadequat et i mef ordi s cus s i on  Av oi dconfli c t r educi ngt endenc i es( t ak i ngav ot e) Cont r over sywi t hci vi l i t yi schar act er i z edby:  as af eandsuppor t i v eenvi r onmentoft r us t ,r es pec t ,and col l abor at i on.( T, R, C) Confli cti schar act er i z edbywhat ?  Anar gument at i v eenv i r onmentofpower ,debat e,and compet i t i on

I n" TheVi r t uesofLeader shi p" ,Ser gi ovannidescr i besci vi l i t y asavi r t uet hatdoeswhat ?  embr ac esdi v er si t y ,enc our agest ol er anc e,andl egi t i mi z es cont r ov er s y Whati ssoci alper spect i vet aki ng( SPT) ?  Theabi l i t yt or ec ogni z eal t er nat i v eper spect i v esandi nf ert he t hought sandf eel i ngsofot her si scongr uentwi t hemphas es i nc ont empor ar yl eader s hi pt heor yons el f awar eness ,ot her di r ect ednes s,andpr oc es sor i ent at i ons How dogr oupspr act i cewhent heyhavehi ghci vi l i t yandl ow cont r over sy?  gr oupav oi dsengagi ngwi t hcont r ov er s yt omai nt ai ns enseof gr ouphar mony Whenagr ouphashi ghci vi l i t yandhi ghcont r over sy:  t hegr oupengagesbyv al ui ngdi ffer enc est obui l d under s t andi ng whenagr ouphasl ow cont r over syandl ow ci vi l i t y:  t hegr oupav oi dsengagi ngwi t hc ont r ov er s ybec aus et he hos t i l egr oupcul t ur es i l enc esdi ffer ences whenagr ouphasl ow ci vi l i t ybuthi ghcont r over sy?  gr oupengagesbydi s mi s s i ngorat t ac k i ngdi ffer enc esand i nhi bi t sunder s t andi ng Whati sawor l dvi ew?  Theper cept i onsoras sumpt i onswi t hwhi c hi ndi vi dual s appr oac hanys i t uat i on I nAl der i ant her apy ,t hesubj ect i ver eal i t yofawor l dvi ew i ncl udes:

 per cept i ons ,t hought ,f eel i ngs ,v al ues ,bel i ef s ,conv i ct i ons , andc onc l us i ons Whyi sawar enessofone' swor l dvi ewsnecessar y?  Tobeabl et ounder s t andt hel ens est hr oughwhi c hone per ci ev esandmak esass umpt i onsabouts i t uat i onsand cr i t i c al l yev al uat i ngt hos et hi ngs I nqui r y( f orSPT)i nvol vest hepr ocessofcr i t i calt hi nki ng char act er i z edbywhatf ourt hi ngs?  I dent i f y i ngas sumpt i onst hatf r ameourt hi nki ngand det er mi neourac t i ons  Check i ngoutt hedegr eet owhi c ht hes eass umpt i onsar e acc ur at eandv al i d  Looki ngatouri deasanddec i s i onsf r om s ev er al di ffer ent per spect i v es  T ak i ngi nf or medact i ons SPTcanber educedt ot heempat hi ci deaof :  put t i ngones el fi n" s omeoneel s e' sshoes" Br owneandKeel eyadvi set hatbyt hi nki ngcr i t i cal l y ,what shoul dhappen?  I ts houl dmov eusal l f or war dt owar ds omebet t er under s t andi ngofwhowear e

i mpor t antt hi ngsonecandot ocr eat eacl i mat eoft r ust ? 1.I nv es ti nt r ust .Nur t ur eanenv i r onmentt hatal l owspeopl et o

f r eel ypar t i c i pat eands uppor topenex c hangeofi desand di s c uss i on 2.Bet hefi r s tt ot r us t 3.Showc onc er nf orot her s 4.Shar ek nowl edgeandi nf or mat i on Accor di ngt oFest i nger ,di ssonancei s: aps y c hol ogi c al di sc omf or toranav er si vedr i v es t at et hatpeopl e ar emot i v at edt or educ e I nast udyof476member soft heACR,Pur vi sout l i nedwhat 12envi r onment alaspect st hatpar t i ci pant si dent i fiedcan affectt hepr ocessofbui l di ngconsensus ? Symbol i cmeani ng,per sonal space,s pacepl anni ng,mat er i al s andfini s hes,wi ndowsandv i ewsofnat ur e,l i ght i ng,i ndoorai r qual i t yandodor ,ambi entt emper at ur e,s oundandnoi se,aux i l i ar y s paces ,s ec ur i t y ,s af et y ,sur v ei l l anc e,andenvi r onment al cont r ol Pr act i cesf orengagi ngwi t hci vi l i t yonl i ne: T ak et i met opr oces si nf or mat i on Sol i c i tf eedback Pr act i c eper s pec t i v et aki ng Choosei fandhow t or espond Cr af tac i v i l r es pons e Ar t i c ul at egoal sofar esponse Seekandofferc l ar i fi cat i on Di ffer encei nPr emi sebet weendi al ogueanddebat e: Di al ogue:mul t i pl epoi nt sofv i ewar ev al i d Debat e:t her ear ewr ongandr i ghtar gument s Di ffer encei npur posebet weendi al ogueanddebat e: Di al ogue:Toex pl or edi ffer entper s pect i v esanddev el opas har ed under st andi ngoft hei ss ue

Debat e:Towi nt hear gumentbyc hal l engeanddef eatoft he opposi t i on Di ffer encei nEnvi r onmentbet weendi al ogueanddebat e: Di al ogue:Col l abor at i v e,char ac t er i z edbyt r ustandappr eci at i onof di ffer enc e Debat e:Combat i v e,c har ac t er i z edbyoppos i ngs i dest r y i ngt o pr ov et heot heri swr ong Di ffer encei nbehavi or sbet weendi al ogueanddebat e: Di al ogue:l i st eni ngt ol ear nandfindv al uei not herper s pec t i v es , s eeki ngcommongr ound,i dent i f y i ngandev al uat i ngas s umpt i ons Debat e:Cr i t i qui ngt heot hers i de,hear i ngf oroppor t uni t i est o di s c r edi torfindflaws Di ffer encei nout comesbet weendi al ogueanddebat e: Di al ogue:newi nf or medunder s t andi ngr at hert hanr es ol ut i on Debat e:Endswi t ht hebes tormos ts t r ongl yar gueds i deast he wi nner

Whati si nt er gr oupdi al ogue? f ac i l i t at edl ear ni ngex per i enc est hatbr i ngt oget hers t udent sf r om di ffer ents oc i al i dent i t ygr oups Descr i bet he4st agesofi nt er gr oupdi al ogue: 1.Gr oupmember sf or mr el at i ons hi psandbui l dt r ustandr es pect t hr ought eam bui l di ng.Lear nsconceptofdi al ogue. 2.Member sexpl or ei dent i t i esandi nequal i t i es ,Pur pos eofst age2 i st ounder s t andhowi dent i t i esdev el op,t hei rpl ac ewi t hi ns oc i al s t r uct ur e,andt odi sc ov erhowgr oupbasedi dent i t i esar e i mpl i c at edi nr el at i ons hi pst hatemer gef r om t hedi al ogue 3.Engagei ndi al ogueaboutcont r ov er s i al t opi c s.Hel pss t udent s

ex ami net hei rper s pect i v esoni s s uesandl i s t enwi t hopenness . Under s t andi ngi sk ey 4.Gr oupc ol l abor at est oc r eat eanact i onpl ant oadv anc esoc i al j us t i c e.Goal i st oconnec tex pl i c i t l ydi al ogueandact i on. Whati st hesi ngl est r ongestpr edi ct orofsoci al l yr esponsi bl e l eader shi pcapaci t yf orst udent sacr ossdemogr aphi c gr oups? s oc i ocul t ur alc onv er s at i onswi t hpeer s Whati sci t i zenshi p? I ti mpl i esac t i v eengagementoft hei ndi v i dual( andt hel eader shi p gr oup)i naneffor tt os er v et hatcommuni t y ,aswel lasa" c i t i z en' s mi nd"-asetofv al uesandbel i ef st hatconnect sani ndi vi dual i na r es pons i bl emannert oot her s . Whatdoescommuni t yi mpl y? I mpl i esas har edr es pons i bi l i t yt owar dac hi ev i ngs omet hi ngbi gger t hant hei ndi v i dual

Tocquevi l l ebel i evedt hatt hest r engt hofdemocr at i c communi t i esi nt heUSwast hef r equencyofci t i z enswor ki ng t oget heri ncommuni t yassoci at i ons.Thi sengagementi s cal l edsoci alcapi t al .Wher ei st heval ueofsoci alcapi t al der i vedf r om? Thev al uei sder i v edf r om net wor k s,nor ms ,ands oc i al t r us tt hat f ac i l i t at ecoor di nat i onandc ooper at i onf ormut ualbenefi t 8f or msofi ndi vi dualci vi cengagementasapar tof ci t i z enshi p: Di r ects er v i ce,c ommuni t yr es ear c h,adv ocac yandeduc at i on,

c apac i t ybui l di ng,pol i t i cal i nv ol v ement ,soc i al l yr es pons i bl e per s onal andpr of es si onalbehav i or ,phi l ant hr opi cgi v i ng,and par t i c i pat i oni nas s oc i at i on Di r ectser vi ceasaf or m ofi ndi vi dualci vi cengagement : gi v i ngper s onalt i meandener gyt oaddr es si mmedi at eneeds ; t ut or i ng,s er v i ngf oodatas hel t er ,bui l di nghomes ,nei ghbor hood c l eanups Communi t yr esear chasaf or m ofi ndi vi dualci vi c engagement : ex pl or i ngac ommuni t yt ol ear nabouti t sass et sandhowi ti s bei ngaffec t edbyc ur r ents oc i al pr obl ems ;t hi spr ov i des k nowl edget hatot hereffor t scanbui l don Advocacyandeducat i onasaf or m ofi ndi vi dualci vi c engagement : us i ngv ar i ousmodesofper s uas i on( pet i t i ons ,mar c hes ,l et t er wr i t i ng)t oconv i ncegov er nmentorcor por at edec i si onmak er st o mak ec hoi c est hatwi l l benefi tt hecommuni t y ;r ai si ngpubl i c awar enes sofs oc i al i s s ues;pr ov i di ngeduc at i onal act i v i t i esand mat er i al st ot hepubl i c Capaci t ybui l di ngasaf or m ofi ndi vi dualci vi cengagement : Wor k i ngwi t hdi v er secons t i t uenc i esofac ommuni t y ,bui l di ng as s et s ,t os ol v epr obl emsandmak ei tabet t erpl ac e;c r eat i nga s pacef orev er y onei nt hecommuni t yt ohav eas ayi nwhatt he c ommuni t ys houl dbel i k eandhowt ogett her e Pol i t i cali nvol vementasaf or m ofi ndi vi dualci vi c engagement : Par t i c i pat i ngi npr oces sesofgov er nmentsuc hascampai gni ng andv ot i ng;t hi si ncl udesk eepi ngi nf or medabouti s suesonal l l ev el sofc ommuni t yi nor dert ov ot er es pons i bl yandengagi ngi n

debat eanddi al ogueaboutc ur r ents oc i al i s s ues Soci al l yResponsi bl ePer sonalandPr of essi onalBehavi oras af or m ofi ndi vi dualci vi cengagement : Mai nt ai ni ngasens eofr es pons i bi l i t yf ort hewel f ar eofot her s whenmak i ngper s onal orpr of es s i onal dec i s i ons ;us i ngone' s c ar eerorpr of es si onal t r ai ni ngt obenefitt hec ommuni t y ;des c r i bes per s onal l i f es t yl echoi c ess uc hasr ec y c l i ng,dr i v i ngahy br i dcar , orbi c y cl i ngt owor k Phi l ant hr opi cgi vi ngasaf or m ofi ndi vi dualci vi c engagement : Donat i ngf undsorneededi t ems ,or gani z i ngorpar t i c i pat i ngi n f undr ai s i ngev ent s Par t i ci pat i oni nassoci at i onsasaf or m ofi ndi vi dualci vi c engagement : par t i c i pat i ngi nor gani z at i onst hatdevel opt hes oci al net wor k st hat pr ov i deaf oundat i onf orc ommuni t y bui l di ngeffor t s ,i nc l udi ngc i v i c as s oc i at i ons ,s por t sl eagues ,chur chc hoi r s,ands c hool boar ds Put nam descr i beswhatt wokeydi mensi onsofsoci al capi t al ? Bondi ngandbr i dgi ng Whati sbondi ng? I tr ef er st osoc i al i nt er act i onst hatar el i mi t edt opeopl ewhoar e s i mi l art ooneanot her .Mays omet i mesemphas i z ean" us "and " t hem"at t i t udet hatc anr educ eoppor t uni t i est oex pand Whati sbr i dgi ng? I tr ef er st osoc i al i nt er act i onsamongmor edi ver s egr oupsof peopl e.Tendst ohav emanybenefi t sf ort hec ommuni t yand

i ndi vi dual s. Anessent i alaspectofkeepi ngi nf or medi st o: educat eones el faboutac ommuni t y ' shi s t or yaswel lashowi t c ur r ent l yf unc t i ons Lookatpg185 Aboutcons t r ai ni ngandempower i ngbel i ef s How doesWi l l i amsdescr i beempat hy? Asac apac i t ydev el opedt hr oughi t sex er c i s ewhi c hdependson ex per i enc eswi t hdi v er s epr ac t i cesandbel i ef sandi sc ul t i v at ed t hr oughdi sc ur s i v eex c hangebet weendi ffer entper s pect i v est hat i st hr oughdi al oguewi t hdi ffer entot her s...