Life Science Final Exam Summary PDF

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Life Science Final Exam Summary Science A way of learning about the natural world.

Observing Using one or more of your senses to gather information.

Inferring When you explain or intrepret the the things you can observe.

Predicting Making a forecast of what will happen in the future based on past experience or evidence.

Classifying The process of grouping together items that are alike in some way.

Making Models Creating representations of complex objects or processes.

Quantitative Observations Dealing with a number or amount.

Qualitative Observations Dealing with descriptions that cannot be expressed in numbers.

Scire Latin word for science.

Theory

Accepted as truth but cannot be proved.

Law Is proven.

Botany Study of plants.

Zoology Study of animals.

Microbiology Study of small things.

Ecology Study of relationship of organisms and their environments.

Variables Factors that change an experiment.

Control Something that doesn't change in the experiment.

Data Facts, figures, and other evidence gathered through observations.

Experiment Set up that contains the variable.

Hypothesis A possible answer to an experiment.

Variable Factors that change an experiment.

Control Something that doesn't change in an experiment.

Data Facts, figures, and other evidence gathered through observations.

Technology Items that change the world which help us solve our problems.

Engineer A person who designs technology.

Conclusion A summary of what you have learned from an experiment.

Life Science The study of living things.

Communicating Sharing ideas through writing and speaking.

Biology Another word for life science.

Responding Variable Factors that may change in response to manipulated variable.

Manipulated Variable One variable that is purposely changed to test a hypothesis.

Controlled Experiment Only one variable manipulated at a time.

Scientific Inquiry Ways in which scientists study the natural world.

Operational Definition Describes how to measure a particular variable or define a term.

Scientific Question First question in scientific inquiry process.

Scientists must prove or disprove a hypothesis What makes a hypothesis testable?

So you can tell which factors are changing Why is it important to control variables in an experiment?

To have an organized way to collect and record observations Why should you create a table to record data?

If you collected enough data and if it supports the hypothesis

What do you consider why you make a conclusion about an experiment?

Based on what has happened in the past What are inferences based on?

To see complex things in a better way Why do scientists make models?

A, H, T, R, D What are five parts of scientific method?

To examine objects too small to be seen What is a microscope used for?

Wet Mount and Dry Mount What are the two kinds of slides?

A slide with a drop of liquid on the object What is a wet mount slide?

Coverslip What do you call the cover of a slide?

Use the course adjustment and fine adjustment knobs How do you adjust the power on a microscope?

5 What is the magnification on low power?

100 What is the magnification on high power?

The particles are visible How does ink look different under a microscope?

So light can pass through it Why does a specimen have to be thin to be viewed under a microscope?

The lens will come too close to the slide Why must you be careful when focusing the high power lens?

To the right When you move the slide to the left, which way does the letter seem to move?

You can see what it is made up of How does the appearance of an object change when viewed under a microscope?

Cells The basic building blocks of all organisms.

Water What is the must abundant chemical in cells?

Lipids and Proteins _________ and __________ are the building materials of cells.

Stimulus A change in an organism's surroundings that causes it to react.

Reproduce When organisms produce an offspring similar to its parents.

Microscope An instrument that makes small objects look larger.

Autotrophs Organisms that make their own food.

Heterotrophs Organisms that get energy by consuming other organisms.

Multicellular Organisms that are composed of many cells.

Unicellular Organisms that are only composed of a single cell.

Response An organism reacts to a stimulus with a __________.

Spontaneous Generation The mistaken idea that living organisms arise from nonliving sources.

Homeostasis An organism's ability to maintain stable internal conditions.

Organelles

Tiny cell structures that carry out specific functions within the cell.

Cell Wall The rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the plant cells and other organism.

Nucleus The large, oval structure that directs all of the cell's activities.

Cell Membrane The outside boundary that separates the cell from its environment.

Cytoplasm The region between the cell membrane and the nucleus.

Mitochondria Produces most of the energy the cell needs to carry out its functions.

Endoplasmic Reticulum A maze of passageways called the ___________ _____________ carries proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another.

Ribosomes Function as factories to produce proteins.

Golgi Body Receives proteins and other newly formed materials and distribute them to other parts of the cell.

Chloroplasts Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell.

Vacuole The storage area of a cell.

Lysosomes Small, round structures in cells that break down large food particles into smaller ones.

Cell Wall A structure that is found in plant cells but not animal cells.

Nucleus The dense portion of some cells containing nucleic acids.

Species A group of organisms that can mate with each other and produce offspring.

Robert Hooke The first person to ever see a cell; saw cell walls of cork cells.

Anton von Leeuwenhoek The first person to see living cells; he studied brainwater, blood, and scrapings from teeth.

Schleidem This person looked at plants and figured out they were made of cells. (Last name only)

Cell Theory The theory that all living things are composed of cells.

Other cells

What are all cells produced from? (Part of cell theory)

Living Things What do cells fuction in? (Part of cell theory)

Ribosomes The part of the cell where protein is produced.

Nuclear Envelope What else can the nuclear membrane be called?

Biological Classification Process of grouping things based on their similarities.

Taxonomy The science of biological classification.

Carolus Linneaus This person developed the system we use today.

Binomial Nomenclature What was the two name naming system that Carolus Linneaus invented?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species DKPCOFGS- List them in this order.

Homo Sapien Human Being

Felis Domesticus House Cat

Panthera Leo African Lion

Canis Lupus Wolf

Apis Mellifera Honey Bee

Bacteria Are prokaryotes and unicellular.

Archaea Live in the bottom of the ocean where lava spews; are prokaryotes; are unicellular.

Eukarya Are NOT prokaryotes; organisms with cells that contain nuclei.

Prokaryotes A word meaning the cell doesn't have a nucleus.

Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals Name the 4 Kingdoms in this order: PFPA

Gymnosperm A plant that doesn't produce a flower.

Angiosperm Plants that produce flowers.

Water, food, shelter, and homeostasis What are the four basic needs living things must satisfy?

Organism A living thing.

Development Process of change that occurs during an organism's life to produce a complex organism.

Homeostasis Maintenance of stable internal conditions.

Genus Classification grouping that contains similar closely related organisms.

Domains and Kingdoms How organisms are placed based on cell type, ability to make food, and number of cells in their bodies.

By bending light How do light microscopes magnify an object?

Tissue, Organ, and Organ System In multicellular organisms, cells are often organized into what three things?

Element

Any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

Nitrogen What is an example of an element?

Compound When two or more elements chemically combine.

Molecule What is the smallest form of a compound?

Atom What is the smallest form of an element?

Organic Substances that are/were living.

Inorganic Substances that were never living; contain carbon.

Carbohydrates An energy-rich compound.

Sugars and Starches What are two examples of carbohydrates?

Lipids The richest compounds.

Fats, oils, and waxes What are three examples of lipids?

Proteins Large, organic molecules.

Amino Acids What molecules are proteins made up of?

Enzyme A type of protein that speeds up chemical reaction in a living thing.

Nucleic Acids Very long organic molecules.

DNA and RNA What are two examples of nucleic acids?

Water Some chemical reactions cannot occur in our bodies without _____.

Selectively Permeable Only letting certain things into cells.

Five How many processes occur in our cells?

Diffusion

The process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis The diffusion of water through a cell membrane.

Passive Transport The cell doesn't have to use any of its own energy during diffusion.

Active Transport The cell uses its energy to get substances though the cell membrane.

Transport Proteins _________ _________ are found in the cell membrane.

Transport by Engulfing The organism surrounds and absorbs the needed substance.

Photosynthesis The food making process of plants.

Cellular Respiration The process where the cell breaks down food and changes it into energy.

Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to break down food.

Anaerobic Respiration Doesn't use oxygen to break down food.

Fermentation When yeast gives off alcohol and when muscles give off lactic acid.

Adenosine Triphosphate What does ATP stand for?

Cell Division Also known as the cell cycle.

Interphase The first stage of cell division, in which the cell does its daily activities, grows, makes a copy of its DNA, and prepares to divide.

Mitosis The second stage of cell division, containing prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Prophase The pairs of centrioles begin to travel to opposite ends of the cell, spindle fibers begin to form between centrioles.

Metaphase Attached to the spindle.

Anaphase Chromosomes separate and begin to move along the spindle, the cytoplasm begins to pinch together in the middle.

Telophase The chromosomes return to their original shape, the new cell membrane and nuclear membrane form.

Cytokinesis Stage three, the cytoplasm completely splits so you have two different cells, the organelles split going to the two new cells.

Carbohydrates How do cells store energy?

Cells break down simple food molecules and release energy they contain What happens during respiration?

C6H12O6+6O2=6CO2+6H2O+ATP What is the chemical formula for respiration?

Prophase The chromatin condenses to form chromosomes.

Metaphase The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.

Anaphase The centromeres split and the chromatids separate.

Telophase A new nuclear envelope forms around each region of chromosomes.

Skull/Cranium Bone that protects the brain

Mandible The jaw bone

Clavicle The collar bone

Scapula The shoulder blade

Sternum Bone that protects the heart

Ribs Bones that protect the lungs

Humerus Upper arm bone

Vertebrae Bone on the spine

Radius Lower, outer arm bone

Ulna Lower, inner arm bone

Pelvis (Image only)

Sacrum Bone attached to the coccyx

Coccyx The tail bone

Carpals Bones at the bottoms of the fingers

Metacarpals Bones toward the middle of the fingers

Phalanges of the Hand Bones towards the tips of the fingers

Femur Thigh bone

Patella Knee bone (or kneecap)

Tibia Lower, larger leg bone

Fibula Lower, thinner leg bone

Tarsals

Bones at the bottom of the toes (closest to the ankles)

Metatarsals Bones at the middle of the toes

Phalanges of the Foot Bones at the tips of the toes

Levels of Organization The __________ __ __________ in the human body consist of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.

Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ System, Organisms What are the levels of organization in order?

Tissue A group of similar cells working together.

Muscle Tissue Can expand and contract in order to move part of your body.

Nervous Tissue Sends and receives messages which direct our body movement.

Connective Tissue Provides support for your body and connects all its parts.

Epithelial Tissue Covers or provides a lining for the inside and outside parts of your body.

Stress The reaction of your body to disturbing events.

Shape and Support What do bones provide for us?

Move What do bones help us do?

Organs What do bones protect?

Skull, Ribs, Sternum, Vertebrae Name four bones that protect our organs.

Blood Cells What do bones produce?

Bone Marrow In what area of the bone are blood cells produced?

Minerals and other important materials What do bones store until our body needs them?

Ligament Connects one bone to another at a joint.

Tendon Connects the muscle to a bone.

Cartilage Provides a cushion between your bones; provides a very slippery surface for easy joint movement.

Haversian Systems These systems have layers made up of minerals, bone cells, and a canal.

Muscles There are three types of _______.

Skeletal Muscles Attached to bones, main job is movement, are voluntary, tired quickly and are striated.

Voluntary Full control on movement.

Striated One on top of another.

Smooth Muscles Found in stomach, blood vessels, are involuntary, controls breathing, blood pressure, and the digestive system.

Cardiac Muscles Found in the heart, striated, involuntary.

Protection What does skin give to the body?

Retaining Temperature What does skin do to your body to keep it cool?

Epidermis The outside of this contains dead skin cells.

Melanin Produced by epidermis.

Dermis Thick underneath layer of the epidermis.

Outer Membrane Where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the bone.

Compact Bone Has small canals with blood vessels running through it.

Spongy Bone Strong, but lightweight because it has many small spaces within it.

Marrow Soft connective tissue in the spaces in bone.

Osteoporosis A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.

Joint A place in the body where two bones come together.

Nutrients The substances in food that provide the raw materials and energy the body needs to carry out all its essential processes.

Calorie The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of heat energy of one gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.

Carbohydrate Nutrients composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen; are a major source of energy.

Simple Carbohydrate A kind of carbohydrate that is also known as sugar. EX: Glucose

Complex Carbohydrate A kind of carbohydrate that is made of many sugar molecules.

Unsaturated Fats These fats are made of liquid.

Saturated Fats These fats are solid.

Liquid What are unsaturated fats made of?

Proteins Made out of amino acids.

20 How many essential amino acids are there?

Complete Protein This protein contains all the essential amino acids. EX: Meat and eggs

Incomplete Proteins Doesn't contain all essential amino acids. EX: Kinds of nuts and beans

Fat Soluble Dissolves in fat; stored in fatty tissues.

Water Soluble Dissolves in water.

Vitamins A, D, E, and K Which vitamins are fat soluble vitamins?

Vitamins B and C Which vitamins are water soluble vitamins?

Fat Soluble and Water Soluble What are the two types of vitamins?

Minerals Nutrients that come from non-living things.

Water

The most important nutrient in the body.

Chemical Reactions Most ______ ______ in our body could not happen without water.

Food is broken down into molecules What is the first function of digestion?

Molecules are absorbed into blood What is the second function of digestion?

Wastes are eliminated What is the third function of digestion?

Mechanical and Chemical What are the two types of digestion?

Mechanical Digestion The type of digestion that physically breaks down food.

Chemical Digestion The type of digestion that is produced by the body.

Enzyme A digestive fluid which contains and acid.

Chewing What is mechanical digestion in the mouth?

Incisors, Canines, Premolars, and Molars What are the four types of teeth?

Incisors The mouth contains 8 of these teeth; they cut food.

Canines The mouth contains 4 of these teeth; they tear food.

Premolars and Molars Both of these kinds of teeth grind food.

Saliva Contains a faint/weak enzyme called ptyalin.

Ptayalin Saliva contains this enzyme.

Esophagus A tube made of smooth muscle that pushes food down to your stomach.

Peristalsis A wave-like motion that pushes food down to the stomach.

Epiglottis Closes the trachea while swallowing.

Trachea Another name for the windpipe.

Stomach The J-shaped organ of the digestive system.

Churning What is the mechanical digestion the stomach?

Mixing food with Pepsin What is the chemical digestion in the stomach?

Pepsin What is the strong enzyme/acid in the stomach?

Small Intestine Where does most chemical digest...