Logic Notes - Rogers PDF

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PHI 1010 Notes Math is not intuitive, must consciously engage. The Monty Hall problem: Always switch Intuition stems from the subconscious. Logic is knowing what to do with information. McGurk Effect: We hear “Ba” or “Fa” depending on what we see. Correlation itself does not equal causation. Questions of Logic - How do we determine what’s true? - How to make appropriate logical connections? o Deduction- Building blocks of logic, focuses on certainty. o Induction- How can we figure out advanced logical problems and when is something more or less likely to be true? Focuses on uncertainty. Every induction is based on deduction, and using only deduction is rare. o Avoid fallacies Deductive Logic - Validity o Assuming the premises are true, is there possibility the conclusion is false? - Soundness o Is it valid? o Are the premises true?

Types of Deductive Logic - Disjunctive o Process of elimination  P or Q.  Not P.  Therefore Q. - Hypothetical o Modus Ponens  If P, then Q.  P.  Therefore Q. o Modus Tollens  If P, then Q.  Not Q.  Therefore not P. o Hypothetical Syllogism  If P, then Q.  If Q, then R.  Therefore, if P, then R. - Conjunctions - Categorical Fallacies - Affirming the disjunct o P or Q. o P. o Therefore not Q. - Affirming the consequent o If P, then Q. o Q. o Therefore P. - Denying the antecedent o If P, then Q.

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o Not P. o Therefore not Q. Slippery slope o VALID, but not sound.

Types of Induction - Causal explanations (disj. + hypo.) - Analogies (conj.) - Generalizations (cate.) Inference to the best explanation 1) Observation/evidence 2) Potential explanation (hypothesis) 3) Comparison to other possible explanations (testing) 4) Conclusion Judgment criteria (things that can go wrong) - Are the premises true? - Does the explanation explain the evidence? - Is the explanation deep? - Is the explanation testable? - Is the explanation simple (doesn’t require coincidence)? All causal explanations are types of explanation argument, but ‘big causes’ (complex correlational causes) have additional judgment criteria (things that go wrong). Questionable Causes- (Causal explanation fallacies) Different ways causal claims can go wrong: - Switch cause and effect - An alternative (third cause) - Coincident - Faulty reasoning It’s a mathematical coincident to not have coincidences. Analogies are subjective (can be interpreted differently) and unreliable. Generalization Fallacies: - Hasty/sweeping generalizations o Problem with quantity of evidence o (Hasty = not enough evidence) o (Sweeping = too big of a statement) - Selection bias o Problem with quality of evidence

Other Fallacies - False dilemma - Slippery slope - Inappropriate appeal to authority - Appeal to popularity (bandwagon) - Personal attack (ad hominem) - Appeal to emotion - Red herring (Chewbacca defense) Socratic Method- Questioning an argument to verify if it is correct, and questioning authorities to verify whether their claimed authority is legitimate....