Makroekonomi Nationalekonomi grundläggande PDF

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Anders Edfelt...

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The next set of variables focuses on export concentration. Clearly, dependence on a single export, whether it’s copper in Chile or potentially microchips in Costa Rica, can leave a country vulnerable to sharp declines in terms of trade. The presence of a single, very visible, export may also give rise to a variety of political economy effects that are deleterious to growth. On the other hand, specialization is often associated with scale economies and, hence, higher productivity.

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRADERESEARCH/Resources/D.Lederman_W.Malo ney_Natural_Resources_book.pdf Konvergens I fa l le c onomi e swe r ei nt r i ns i c a l l yt hes a me , e x c e ptf ort he i rs t a r t i n gc a pi t a li nt e ns i t i e s , t he n c on v e r g e nc ewo ul da ppl yi na na bs ol ut es e ns e ;t ha ti s , poorpl a c e swou l dt e ndt ogr o wf a s t e r pe rc a pi t at ha nr i c hone s . Ho we v e r , i fe c onomi e sdi ffe ri nv a r i ousr e s pe c t s—i nc l udi ng pr ope ns i t i e st os a v ea ndh a v ec hi l dr e n, wi l l i n gne s st owor k, a c c e s st ot e c hn ol ogy , a nd g o v e r nme ntpol i c i e s —t he nt hec on v e r g e nc ef or c ea ppl i e sonl yi nac ond i t i ona l s e ns e . The gr o wt hr a t et e ndst obehi ghi ft hes t a r t i n gpe rc a pi t aGDPi sl o wi nr e l a t i ont oi t sl on g–r unor s t e a dy+t a t epos i t i on;t ha ti s , i fa ne c onomybe gi nsf a rbe l o wi t so wnt a r g e tpos i t i on. For e xa mpl e , apoo rc ount r yt ha t a l s oha sal o wl on g–t e r mpos i t i on—p os s i bl ybe c a us ei t spubl i c pol i c i e sa r eha r mf ulori t ss a vi n gr a t ei sl o w—wou l dnott e ndt ogr o wr a pi dl y .The c on v e r g e nc ei sc ond i t i onbe c a us et hes t e a dy+t a t el e v e l sofc a pi t a la ndou t putpe rwor k e r de pe ndi nt hene oc l a s s i c a lmode lont hepr o pe ns i t yt os a v e , t hegr o wt hr a t eofpopu l a t i on,a nd Ba r r o t hepos i t i onoft hepr oduc t i onf unc t i on+ha r a c t e ns t i c st ha t ma yv a r ya c r os se c onomi e s( 199 6) . Lä nde rme dl i kna nd ei n v e s t me ntr a t e , t e knol og ioc hpopu l a t i ons t i l l v ä xt :f örl ä nde rs oms t a r t a r is a mmas t e a dy s t a t es åhå l l e rk on v e r g e ns t e or i n. Ther e gr e s s i onsa ppl yt oapa ne lofr ou ghl y1 00c oun t r i e sobs e r v e df r om1960t o1990 .

Popt i l l v ä xt :Si mi l a re ffe c t sa r i s ei fpe opl ede c i det oha v ef e we rc hi l dr e no r( a tl e a s ti nac l os e d e c ono my)t os a v eal a r g e rf r a c t i onoft he i ri nc ome s . ( hö gr et i l l v ä xt ) .I ft hepopu l a t i oni s gr o wi n g, t he napor t i onoft hee c ono my ’ si n v e s t me nti sus e dt opr o vi dec a pi t a lf orne w wor k e r s , r a t he rt ha nt or t i s ec a pi t a lpe rwor k e r . Offe n t l i g aut gi f t e r :Th epa r t i c ul a rme a s ur eofg o v e r nme nts pe ndi n gi si nt e nde dt oa ppr o xi ma t e

t heout l a y st ha t donot e nha nc epr oduc t i vi t y . I nt hi ss e ns e , bi gg o v e r nme nti sba df orgr o wt h. Kor r u pt i on :t heg e ne r a li de ai st og a ug et hea t t r a c t i v e ne s sofac ou nt r y ’ si n v e s t me ntc l i ma t eb y c on s i de r i ngt hee ffe c t i v e ne s sofl a we nf or c e me nt , t hes a nc t i t yofc ont r a c t s , a ndt hes t a t eof ot he ri nflue nc e sont hes e c ur i t yofpr ope r t yr i ght s . Sp a r a n de :I nt hene oc l a s s i c a lgr o wt hmode lf orac l os e de c onomy , t hes a vi n gr a t ei se x o g e nous

a nde qua l t ot her a t i oofi n v e s t me ntt oout put .Ahi ghe rs a vi n gr a t er a i s e s

t hes t e a dy s t a t el e v e lofout putpe re ffe c t i v ewor k e ra ndt he r e b yr a i s e st hegr o wt hr a t ef ora gi v e ns t a r t i ngv a l ueofGDP .

Ba r r o( 199 1)f a nna t ta t tdummy v a r i a be l nf örLa t i na me r i kav a rne ga t i voc hs i gni fika nt . Tabor tMe xi c os åj a gka na n v ä ndaLa t i na me r i kai s t ä l l e t . Rul eofl a wfinnsi nt et i l l gä ng l i gtf ört i di g a r eä nå r2008....