Management Information System Questions for assignment PDF

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Assignment 7 1. What are the differences between Unix, Mac OS, and Linux operating systems compared with MS Windows? Though all three are widely used, there are significant differences between Unix vs Linux vs MAC vs Windows. Windows is dominant over the other two as 90% of users prefer Windows. Linux is the least used operating system, with users accounting for 1%. MAC is popular and has an overall user base of 7% over the world. MS Windows

Unix

Mac OS

Linux

1 .

Microsoft developed the Windows operating system. It was developed so as to overcome the limitation of the MS-DOS operating system.

Unix was developed by AT&T Bell labs and is not open source. UNIX is a proprietary system.

MAC is an OS that focuses on the graphical user interface and was developed by Apple, Inc, for their Macintosh systems.

Linux is UNIX like a source software and can use an operating system that provides full memory protection and multi-tasking operations. It is an open d by anyone.

2 .

For most people, Windows will be extremely familiar and therefore easy to use; Windows is the “standard”operating system bundled with new PCs. This means that the vast majority of software, hardware, support and training available is designed with Windows compatibility primarily in mind.

UNIX was created to provide a multiuser, multitasking system for users. It has a very strong security and model and relatively simple design, making it popular and fairly easy to implement. Many operating systems are either based on or modeled after the first Unix systems, such as Linux, Solaris, or Mac OS X.

Mac OS is known for its excellent, intuitive user interface. Its main advantage continues to be that, due to inevitably having fewer users than Windows, there are far fewer viruses written for the system making it less vulnerable to attack. As well as being secure, the system is very stable, whilst maintaining high levels of performance.

Linux has the immediate benefit of being free to obtain, and available for use without restrictions. It is open source with a large, supportive community building a seemingly infinite range of free applications for use on Linux machines. Although Microsoft Windows has made great advancements in reliability over the last few versions of Windows, it is still behind the reliability of Linux.

3 .

Windows is designed to run on PCs, whether bought new or built cheaply, so hardware costs are essentially determined by the consumer. However, the cost of buying the latest version of Windows can

Unix is a licensed OS. UNIX systems are more stable than windows.UNIX handles high server loads better than Windows and UNIX machines

Despite being Unix-based, Mac OS is also proprietary software. Furthermore, users are forced to purchase Apple hardware if they wish to use it; Apple computers remain

Linux may be the cheapest, most easily available and customizable of the three, but the continued dominance of Windows (not to mention the fact it comes pre-installed on most machines)

be prohibitive (Windows XP is still the most widely used version), and the restrictive licensing inevitably forces each user to purchase a copy as they cannot be shared.

seldom require reboots while Windows frequently need them. Servers running on UNIX enjoy extremely high up-time and high reliability. UNIX servers under high load are stronger than Windows.

much more expensive than PCs.

often deters home users from changing to this unfamiliar platform. The majority of Linux distributions are available for free or at a much lower price than Microsoft Windows.

1- Definitions of each of the above mentioned OSs: Unix: Unix is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs. Today’s UNIX system is split into a number of branches, developed over time by AT&T as well as various commercial vendors and other organizations. UNIX was created to provide a multiuser, multitasking system for users. The object behind the design of UNIX was to provide simple, yet powerful utilities that could be pieced together in a flexible manner to perform a wide variety of tasks. Unix is a family of multi-user operating systems. Unix has a very strong security and model and relatively simple design, making it popular and fairly easy to implement. Many operating systems are either based on or modeled after the first Unix systems, such as Linux, Solaris, or Mac OS X. The UNIX operating system comprises three parts: The kernel, the standard utility programs, and the system configuration files.

Mac OS: Mac OS is the computer operating sustem for Apple Computer's MacIntosh line of personal computers and workstations. A popular feature of its latest version, Mac OS X, is a desktop interface with some 3D appearance characteristics. OS X has a modular design intended to make it easier to add new features to the operating system in the future. It runs UNIX applications as well as older Mac applications. Mac OS comes with Apple Computer's iMac and Power Macintosh line of computers.

Linux: Linux is a Unix based operating system that was designed to provide personal computer users a free or very low-cost operating system comparable to traditional and usually more expensive Unix systems. Linux has a reputation as a very efficient and fast-performing operating system.

Linux is a remarkably complete operating system, including a graphical user interface, an X Window System, TCP/IP, and other components usually found in a traditional system. Unlike Windows and other proprietary systems, Linux is free and publicly open and modifiable by contributors. Because it conforms to the Portable Operating System Interface standard user and programming interfaces, developers can write programs that can be ported to other operating systems. The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open source software collaboration; typically all the underlying source code can be used, freely modified, and redistributed, both commercially and non-commercially, by anyone under licenses such as the GNU General Public License.

Windows: Windows is a group of various proprietary graphical operating systems which is provided by Microsoft Incorporation. It is also known as Microsoft Windows. It currently includes Windows NT and Windows IoT as members of its family. Earlier it included Windows 9x, Windows Mobile and Windows Phone which are no longer in use. It is the most used operating system in personal computers. The first version of Windows was launched by Microsoft in 1985. The most recent version of Windows for personal computers is Windows 10.

2. Advantages and disadvantages of Unix, Mac OS, MS windows and Linux Advantages of Unix ● Users can run multiple programs at the same time without causing the device to crash. ● It has efficient virtual memory and many programs can run with a modest amount of physical memory. ● Access controls and security as the owner can decide whether others have read or write access to his files. ● It has a rich set of small commands and utilities that do specific tasks well and it does not clutter up with lots of special options. ● Ability to string commands and utilities together in unlimited ways to accomplish more complicated tasks ● Entire file system appears as a single large tree of nested directories, regardless of how many different physical devices are included.

Disadvantages of Unix ● The traditional command line shell interface is user hostile which is designed for the programmer not the casual user. ● To use Unix well, you need to understand some of the main design features. Its power comes from knowing how to make commands and programs interact with each other not just from treating each as a fixed black box. ● Documentation is short on examples and tutorials to help you figure out how to use the many tools provided to accomplish various kinds of tasks.

Advantages of Mac OS ●

Very secure as it has less number of active users and fewer virus attacks

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Users get good response from its support team as compared to other operating systems

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It’s hardware communication is very efficient and it improves performance.

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Users can run the Windows operating system if you have macOS installed by using Bootcamp or parallel software.

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Supports Windows file system formats including both NTFS and FAT.

Disadvantages of Mac OS ● Relatively expensive than other operating systems. ●

mac computers have low graphics capability to run high graphics games with availability of fewer games,

● No possibility to change the hardware like other computer parts. ● Windows are unable to read the macOS file system. ● Limited use of hardware Advantages of Linux ●

The system inherits the superior stability and efficiency

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It has low hardware requirements.

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It is based on a general public license and there is no payment requirement to get any software.

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Accessibility of stronger support to share some good software

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Very secure as it quickly finds system vulnerabilities and releases security patches.

Disadvantages of Linux ● Non availability of after sales service ● The graphical interface is not good enough as other systems

Advantages of Microsoft windows ●

High performance standards that keep programs moving quickly to avoid lag time,

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Users can easily shift from one version to another as all new versions have similar features.

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Best suited for game and software developers.

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Help menu in the system lays out any question a user might have in an easily understood format.

Disadvantages of MS windows ● Prone to many virus attacks , thus users are dependent on anti-virus software and have to pay monthly charges to companies to protect their data. ● Users have to pay to buy the software. ● Sometimes the system gets slow which affects the performance. ● System users have paid licenses and users cannot use windows OS free legally.

3- How many different features and versions does each of the above mentioned OSs have?

UNIX Versions and Features There are many different versions of UNIX. Until a few years ago, there were two main versions: the line of UNIX releases that started at AT&T (the latest is System V Release 4), and another line from the University of California at Berkeley (the latest version is BSD 4.4). Some other major commercial versions include SunOS, Solaris, SCO UNIX, AIX, HP/UX, and ULTRIX. The freely available versions include Linux and FreeBSD (FreeBSD is based on 4.4BSD-Lite). Many versions of UNIX, including System V Release 4, merge earlier AT&T releases with BSD features. The recent POSIX standard for UNIX-like operating systems defines a single interface to UNIX. Although advanced features differ among systems, you should be able to use this introductory handbook on any type of system. UNIX can be used the way it was originally designed, on typewriter-like terminals. Most versions of UNIX can also work with window systems, which allow each user to have more than one “terminal” on a single display. UNIX Operating System basically has 10 versions since its first development. The basic 10 versions are: 1. "Ken's new system" (→Unix) (1969) 2. UNIX Time-Sharing System v1 (1971) 3. UNIX Time-Sharing System v2 (1972) 4. UNIX Time-Sharing System v3 (1973) 5. UNIX Time-Sharing System v4 (1973) 6. UNIX Time-Sharing System v5 (1974) 7. UNIX Time-Sharing System v6 (1975) 8. UNIX Time-Sharing System v7 (1979) 9. UNIX Time-Sharing System v8 (1985) 10. UNIX Time-Sharing System v9 (1986) 11. UNIX Time-Sharing System v10 (1989)

After development of the base 10 versions, several other versions were developed through combinations of the above mentioned versions. These versions can be listed as follows: ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

UNIX System III (1981) UNIX System IV (1982) UNIX System V (1983) UnixWare 1.1 (1993) UnixWare 2.0 (1995) UnixWare 7 (System V Release 5) (1998) UnixWare 7.1 (1999)

● Open Unix 8 (UnixWare 7.1.2) (2001) ● SCO UnixWare 7.1.3 (2002) MAC OS versions: ● OS X 10 beta: Kodiak - 13 September 2000 ● OS X 10.0: Cheetah - 24 March 2001 ● OS X 10.1: Puma - 25 September 2001 ● OS X 10.2: Jaguar - 24 August 2002 ● OS X 10.3 Panther (Pinot) - 24 October 2003 ● OS X 10.4 Tiger (Merlot) - 29 April 2005 ● [OS X 10.4.4 Tiger (Chardonnay)] ● OS X 10.5 Leopard (Chablis) - 26 October 2007 ● OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard - 28 August 2009 ● OS X 10.7 Lion (Barolo) - 20 July 2011 ● OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion (Zinfandel) - 25 July 2012 ● OS X 10.9 Mavericks (Cabernet) - 22 October 2013 ● OS X 10.10: Yosemite (Syrah) - 16 October 2014 ● OS X 10.11: El Capitan (Gala) - 30 September 2015 ● macOS 10.12: Sierra (Fuji) - 20 September 2016 ● macOS 10.13: High Sierra (Lobo) - 25 September 2017 ● macOS 10.14: Mojave (Liberty) - 24 September 2018 ● macOS 10.15: Catalina (Jazz) - 7 October 2019 ● macOS 11: Big Sur - 12 November 2020

Features of MAC OS

● Mission control: It merges the expose and space functions. Expose means managing the open window and space means groups the application windows together.

● Multi touch gestures: It allows switching between multiple full screen apps. ● Auto Save: This can save our work automatically. ● New mail app: This includes search tokens and conversation views .

Linux 1. RPM-based 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6. 2.

CentOS/RHEL-based Fedora-based openSUSE-based Urpmi-based apt-rpm based Independent RPM distributions

Debian-based 2.1. 2.2.

Debian (Testing) based Ubuntu-based 2.2.1. 2.2.2. 2.2.3.

2.3.

Debian (Stable) based 2.3.1. 2.3.2.

3. 4. 5.

MEPIS-based Knoppix-based

Pacman-based Gentoo-based Slackware-based 5.1.

6.

Official distributions Discontinued official distributions Third-party distributions

Slax-based

Source based

Features of Linux ● Hierarchical File System − Linux provides a standard file structure in which system files, user files are arranged.

● Shell − Linux provides a special interpreter program which can be used to execute commands of the operating system. It can be used to do various types of operations, called application programs. ● Security − Linux provides user security using authentication features like password protection, controlled access to specific files , encryption of data. ● Portable− Portability means software can work on different types of hardware in the same way. Linux kernel and application programs support their installation on any kind of hardware platform. ● Open Source− Linux source code is freely available and it is a community based development project. Multiple teams work in collaboration to enhance the capability of the Linux operating system and it is continuously evolving. ● Multi-User− Linux is a multiuser system meaning multiple users can access system resources like memory,ram ,application programs at same time. ● Multiprogramming− Linux is a multiprogramming system meaning multiple applications can run at same time....