Title | Manajemen Organisasi dan Tata Kelola Teknologi Informasi |
---|---|
Author | R. Indrajit |
Pages | 126 |
File Size | 1.8 MB |
File Type | |
Total Downloads | 70 |
Total Views | 508 |
Halaman 2 Daftar Isi ORGANISASI DAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI ............................................................ 5 Pendahuluan ..................................
Halaman 2
Daftar Isi ORGANISASI DAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI ............................................................ 5 Pendahuluan ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 Dua Perspektif Sistem Organisasi ............................................................................................................... 5 Sociotechnical Perspective ............................................................................................................................ 6 Structuralist Perspective ................................................................................................................................ 7 Pengaruh Peranan Teknologi Informasi .................................................................................................. 8 Penutup ................................................................................................................................................................ 10 MODEL TATA KELOLA TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI ..................................................... 12 Pendahuluan ...................................................................................................................................................... 12 Proses Manajemen Teknologi Informasi ............................................................................................... 12 Perencanaan dan Organisasi ....................................................................................................................... 13 Pengadaan dan Implementasi .................................................................................................................... 14 Penyelenggaraan dan Pelayanan .............................................................................................................. 14 Pengawasan dan Evaluasi ............................................................................................................................ 14 Implementasi COBIT ...................................................................................................................................... 14 Struktur Organisasi Independen ............................................................................................................... 16 Penutup ................................................................................................................................................................ 17 BUDAYA MANAJEMEN INFORMASI ...................................................................... 18 Pendahuluan ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Model Budaya Informasi ............................................................................................................................... 18 Perusahaan dan Budaya Informasi .......................................................................................................... 20 Penutup ................................................................................................................................................................ 20 SISTEM SENTRALISASI DAN DESENTRALISASI ....................................................... 22 Pendahuluan ...................................................................................................................................................... 22 Sejarah Sistem Sentralisasi .......................................................................................................................... 22 Migrasi Menuju Sistem Desentralisasi .................................................................................................... 24 Sentralisasi versus Desentralisasi ............................................................................................................ 25 Penutup ................................................................................................................................................................ 26 STRUKTUR ORGANISASI INFRASTRUKTUR KELAS DUNIA ...................................... 27 Pendahuluan ...................................................................................................................................................... 27 Kerangka Struktur Organisasi Ideal ........................................................................................................ 29 Technical Support ........................................................................................................................................... 31 Operations .......................................................................................................................................................... 31 Help Desk ............................................................................................................................................................ 32 Network ............................................................................................................................................................... 32 Client Services ................................................................................................................................................... 32 Global Technologies ....................................................................................................................................... 32 Penutup ................................................................................................................................................................ 33 MANAJEMEN DAN GOVERNANCE TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI .................................. 34 Pendahuluan ...................................................................................................................................................... 34 IT Management ................................................................................................................................................. 34 IT Governance ................................................................................................................................................... 35 Matriks IT Management vs. Governance ............................................................................................... 36 Penutup ................................................................................................................................................................ 37 PERENCANAAN DAN PENGATURAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI ............................... 38 Menyusun IT Master Plan ............................................................................................................................ 38 Mengembangkan Arsitektur Informasi .................................................................................................. 40
Halaman 3
Menentukan Arah dan Tujuan Teknologi .............................................................................................. 42 Mendefinisikan Proses Pengelolaan Teknologi Informasi ............................................................. 44 Mengelola Investasi Teknologi Informasi ............................................................................................. 47 Mensosialisasikan Arah dan Tujuan Keberadaan Teknologi Informasi ................................... 49 Mengelola SDM Teknologi Informasi ...................................................................................................... 50 Memastikan Kualitas Teknologi Informasi ........................................................................................... 52 Mengkaji dan Mengelola Risiko Teknologi Informasi ...................................................................... 54 Mengelola Proyek Teknologi Informasi ................................................................................................. 56
PENGADAAN DAN PENERAPAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI ...................................... 60 Menentukan Solusi Teknologi .................................................................................................................... 60 Mengadakan dan Menerapkan Piranti Lunak (Software) .............................................................. 61 Mengadakan dan Memelihara Infrastruktur Teknologi Informasi ............................................ 63 Menerapkan dan Mengoperasikan Sistem Teknologi Informasi ................................................ 65 Mengadakan Sumber Daya Teknologi Lainnya ................................................................................... 67 Mengelola Perubahan .................................................................................................................................... 68 Menginstalasi dan Mengakreditasi Sistem ........................................................................................... 70 Menetapkan dan Mengelola Kinerja Teknologi Informasi ............................................................. 72 Mengelola Layanan Pihak Ketiga .............................................................................................................. 73 Mengelola Kinerja dan Kapasitas .............................................................................................................. 75 Memastikan Keberlangsungan Layanan ................................................................................................ 76 Memastikan Keamanan Sistem .................................................................................................................. 79 Mengidentifikasikan dan Mengalokasikan Biaya ............................................................................... 81 Mengedukasi dan Melatih Pengguna ....................................................................................................... 82 Mengelola Pusat Layanan dan Insiden ................................................................................................... 84 Mengelola Konfigurasi ................................................................................................................................... 85 Mengelola Data ................................................................................................................................................. 87 Mengelola Lingkungan Fisik ....................................................................................................................... 88 Mengelola Operasional Sistem ................................................................................................................... 90 PENGAWASAN DAN PENILAIAN ........................................................................... 92 Mengamati dan Mengevaluasi Teknologi .............................................................................................. 92 Mengamati dan Mengevaluasi Internal TIK ......................................................................................... 93 Memastikan Kepatuhan Aturan Eksternal ............................................................................................ 95 Melaksanakan IT Governance .................................................................................................................... 96 EVOLUSI STRATEGI INTEGRASI SISTEM INFORMASI .............................................. 99 Pendahuluan ...................................................................................................................................................... 99 Fenomena Integrasi Sistem Informasi .................................................................................................... 99 Metodologi sebagai Bahasa Bersama ................................................................................................... 100 Tahap I: Eksploitasi Kapabilitas Lokal ................................................................................................. 100 Tahap II: Lakukan Integrasi Tak Tampak .......................................................................................... 101 Tahap III: Kehendak Berbagi Pakai ....................................................................................................... 101 Tahap IV: Redesain Arsitektur Proses ................................................................................................. 102 Tahap V: Optimalkan Infrastruktur ...................................................................................................... 102 Tahap VI: Transformasi Organisasi ...................................................................................................... 103 Tahapan Setelah Integrasi ........................................................................................................................ 103 Pendahuluan ................................................................................................................................................... 104 Sejarah Berbagi Pakai Sumber Daya .................................................................................................... 104 Definisi “Shared Services” ......................................................................................................................... 105 Klasifikasi Komponen Berbagi Pakai ................................................................................................... 105 Ragam Model Shared-‐Services ................................................................................................................ 106 Internal Division Appointment ............................................................................................................... 106 Corporate Unit Spin Off .............................................................................................................................. 106 Third Party Alliance ..................................................................................................................................... 106
Halaman 4
Subordinate Company Forming ............................................................................................................. 106 Cross Mechanism Agreement .................................................................................................................. 107 Best of Breeds Selection ............................................................................................................................. 107 Just-‐In-‐Time Cooperation Procedure ................................................................................................... 107 Dynamic Network Assignment ............................................................................................................... 107 Siklus Manajemen Berbagi Pakai ........................................................................................................... 107 Keputusan Penggunaan Model ............................................................................................................... 108
LIMA PRINSIP UTAMA IT GOVERNANCE .............................................................. 112 ANTARA PENYELENGGARA DAN PELAKSANA SISTEM .......................................... 114 MANAJEMEN PERUBAHAN PENERAPAN TIK ........................................................ 116 STRATEGI PENERAPAN BERBAGI PAKAI ............................................................... 119 KERANGKA GOVERNANCE BERDASARKAN ISO-‐38500 ......................................... 121 SEPULUH STRATEGI MEYAKINKAN ATASAN ......................................................... 123 TEKNIK MELAKUKAN PERUBAHAN ...................................................................... 125
Halaman 5
ORGANISASI DAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI
Pendahuluan
Sejarah memperlihatkan bahwa perkembangan teknologi informasi telah membawa dampak yang sangat signifikan terhadap sejumlah konsep dan teori organisasi. Berbeda dengan perangkat teknologi lainnya yang dalam teori organisasi konvensional hanya dipandang sebagai bagian dari perangkat “machines” -‐ yang merupakan faktor produksi penting atau dikenal sebagai 4M dalam ilmu ekonomi1 -‐ teknologi informasi dan komunikasi dianggap telah menyebabkan terjadinya pergeseran sejumlah paradigma secara signifikan dalam praktek berorganisasi2. Bahkan beberapa praktisi sepakat memasukkan “informasi” sebagai faktor produksi penting kelima diluar 4M yang telah dikenal3.
Oleh karena itu, untuk dapat mengetahui sejauh mana dampak perkembangan teknologi ini telah berpengaruh terhadap cara perusahaan moderen mengorganisasikan perusahaannya, ada baiknya dipahami terlebih dahulu sejumlah teori sistem organisasi pasca diperkenalkannya teknologi informasi secara komersial.
Dua Perspektif Sistem Organisasi
Dalam berbagai teori organisasi – baik yang konvensional maupun moderen – secara sederhana organisasi dilihat sebagai kesatuan antara dua komponen penting atau entitas utama yaitu “manusia” dan “struktur”. Unsur manusia akan sangat dipengaruhi oleh nilai, budaya/kultur, kepercayaan, perilaku sosial, struktur masyarakat, lingkungan sekitar, dan lain sebagainya; sementara unsur struktur akan sangat terkait dengan sistem, teknologi, prosedur, ukuran dan bentuk, dan lain sebagainya. Walaupun keduanya “sepakat” untuk melebur demi 1
Yang dimaksud dengan 4M adalah: Men, Materials, Money, dan Machines. Don Tapscott memperlihatkan secara jelas dan detail 12 pergeseran paradigma yang mencirikan sebuah organisasi di era New Economy. 3 Moris, Steve, John Meed, dan Neil Svensen, “The Intelligent Manager: Adding Value in the Information Age”, London, UK: Pitman Publishing, 1996. 2
...