MARITIME UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM INTEROPERABILITY WITH MARITIME PATROL AIRCRAFT PDF

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MARITIME UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM INTEROPERABILITY WITH MARITIME PATROL AIRCRAFT Anang Puji Armanto LCDR Indonesian Navy Indonesia Defense University Defense Strategy Faculty – Defense Diplomacy Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT A country with large territorial waters, needs such a way to keep th...

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MARITIME UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM INTEROPERABILITY WITH MARITIME PATROL AIRCRAFT anangpuji armanto UAS interoperability with MPA

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MARITIME UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM INTEROPERABILITY WITH MARITIME PATROL AIRCRAFT Anang Puji Armanto LCDR Indonesian Navy Indonesia Defense University Defense Strategy Faculty – Defense Diplomacy Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT A country with large territorial waters, needs such a way to keep their maritime areas in secure, lot of patterns and many methods carried out to achieve its objectives. Along with the more advanced and modern world and the technology that is in it makes the development of all existing equipment and facilities, including Maritime Unmanned Aerial Systems as a system that can be integrated with Maritime Patrol Aircraft in the function of Intelligence Surveillance and Recognition (ISR). There are so many benefits gained in interoperability between UAS with MPA but what is the best way that can be used in such integration? It can be answered in various ways and the ability of supervision that exists in order to optimize a form of operation. This research will bring us flew back to the interoperability UAS or UAV with MPA by using experiences and literature from others media, with purpose, that the form of interoperability will be able to produce a synergy that there are many benefits from the use of Maritime UAS in a country's with maritime domain. Keywords: Interoperability, Maritime Security, UAS BACKGROUND Nowadays, many issues rise up from the maritime landscape perception is typically based on sensors installed in surface ship as well as sub surface, coastal radars, vesselpositioning systems, alarm systems, and manned aerial resources. Meanwhile, a huge gap regarding the observation capability, particularly in areas farther from the coast, still exists. Where it is important to increase and more increase the emission from the available facilities. Moreover, the involvement of manned resources for patrolling in these areas is a problem that can be interpreted as high costs (both in planning and in carrying out operations), lack of coverage in data collection both physical and non-physical to generate maritime situational awareness. Under these circumstances, the use of unmanned aircraft, especially airplanes, with high autonomy, intelligence and the reduced need for communication and human resources emerged as a very promising alternative, and very unlikely to be avoided.(1) Therefore, the project aims to develop efficient solutions to address the challenges of maritime situational knowledge management. This perception is essential in maritime operations related to the safety of life at sea, security and environmental protection. This project intends to develop intelligent systems that can be integrated in current Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology, providing such capabilities as: detecting, identifying and tracking targets such as. vessels, environmental stains and spills, shipwrecks, debris, and many more,

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recognition of behavioural and planning patterns; collaborative missions with other autonomous vehicles (sense and avoid); monitoring of environmental parameters. In recent years, Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) have become more important and their use for different applications is appreciated. At first UAS was used for military purposes. This successful application sparked interest in researchers to find the use of UAS for civilian purposes, because they are an alternative to manned systems and satellites in obtaining high-resolution remote sensing data at lower costs over long flight durations. Because UAS is built from many components such as unmanned aircraft (UAVs), load sensors, communication systems, ground control stations, recovery and launch equipment, and supporting equipment, knowledge of their functions and characteristics is very important for the mission. Therefore, finding the right configuration of all elements to fulfil the mission requirements is a very difficult, but important task. UAS can be used in a variety of maritime applications such as ship detection, red tide detection and monitoring, border patrols, marine pollution tracking, and storm monitoring to name just a few. One of the biggest advantages of the UAV is its ability to fly over dangerous and dangerous areas, where sending manned aircraft can be risky for the crew. In this article, a brief description of the components of the unmanned air system is introduced. The first characteristics of unmanned aerial vehicles are presented, it continues by introducing an inertia navigation system, communication system, load sensor, ground control station, and land and recovery equipment. The next section introduces several examples of UAS for maritime applications. This is followed by recommendations of key indicators that must be considered when choosing a UAS. The last section talks about the recommended UAV configuration and sensor load schemes for some maritime applications. As we know, the navy flight is always use the Maritime Patrol Aircraft as an extension of the warship’s sensors by preparing data or elements of ships over the water in conducting surveillance and monitoring of maritime areas.(2)

PROBLEM To imply the interoperability between Maritime UAS and MPA requires a series of excitement that supports on it, what is the best way that can be used to integrate Maritime UAS in the air sovereignty territory of a country with the main maritime domain, as well as what capabilities can be presented by UAS in optimizing a maritime security operation? All of questions could be tear off by several actions related to the capabilities in Maritime UAS to optimise the operations.

DISCUSSION Maritime security, two words that contain two different meanings but if combined into one idea and meaning, it will require many words to be discussed. Maritime security has become one of the most discussed topics both within the military and among researchers in recent years. The main reason for this situation is that all countries, whether they have sea borders or not, depend on a safe maritime environment to support their safety and well-being. But, especially for countries that have maritime boundaries and their navies, they will certainly face many challenges to eliminate threats that have

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the potential to affect sea freedom, commercial activities, security of energy paths.(3) with the aim of protecting its national interests. This increasing perception of threats regarding maritime security has become a problem associated with changing understanding of security. In this case, this is the key to making a comparison of understanding of security between during and after the Cold War era. Some scholars argue that there was a much safer maritime environment during the Cold War era because there was a bipolar word system and the threat came mostly from the opposite pole. In the context of all efforts to maintain maritime security on the ground, the most important player is the navy forces. They are the main actors at sea as security providers and implementers, although there are other stake holders involved in this issue. They also play a key role in collecting data, in addition to showing the presence of deterrents. Their role in collecting data is indispensable for forming permanent situational awareness. Therefore, determining core capability requirements for the Navy is increasingly important at both national and international levels. The Navy plays an important role in ensuring and maintaining maritime security in its territory, in terms of the effectiveness of raising awareness in the maritime environment and maritime security operations. That's why they were given the role of "prevention". Their intelligence, surveillance, and surveillance (ISR) capabilities are an inseparable part of their prevention role. The Navy must provide ISR services not only for coastal destinations but also for the high seas. Therefore, controlling the general and basic ISR will greatly help to understand how the Navy provides ISR services in the best way. to understand it ISR can be divided into three categories in terms of what assets are used to gather ISR information. From bottom to top, a. The first level covers the ground-based sensors and ship borne sensors and this level represent traditional way and include cheapest assets. b. The second level covers the aerial based assets. These can be seen very cost-effective because they provide the line of sight (LOS) of higher altitude and their cost is relatively lower. c. The third level covers the space satellites. The most advantages aspect of these assets is their advanced sensor capability. They also have invulnerability to any adversary attacks.(4)

CONCEPTUAL OF MARITIME SECURITY Realizing maritime security is not only increasingly important but also clearer when compared to the situation during the Cold War era. New threats and risks at sea cause increased situational awareness in the maritime environment. This situation will at the same time pave the way for a new naval strategy related to how to prevent new risks, which can affect national security. From the perspective of a broader understanding of security, especially in economic thought, a form of direct relationship between maritime security and economic development has emerged. This is a direct result of the importance of the oceans for trade among the nations of the world. From the point of view of human security, maritime security becomes more important to prevent crime at sea. In particular, human trafficking, because at present the problem of human trafficking has a great risk to human life. Given the risks that can cause environmental disasters at

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sea, it needs to be underlined that maritime security is an issue that includes measures to prevent the damage of environmental risks.(5) Description of sea security is the result of geographical conditions and different levels of dependence in the sea or ocean. However, the widely expressed approach is that maritime security cannot be achieved without government intervention. Identifying previous threats and taking action as needed was the main responsibility of the government at that time, to deal with real and potential threats quickly, it should be underlined the importance of comprehensive surveillance of all waters under national jurisdiction. a method is needed to assist in the supervision and provision of data, especially in surveillance in water areas, which will present real and current data for further processing and government policy.

WHAT IS UAS? An unmanned aircraft system is a system consists of a number of sub-systems which include aircraft which are often referred to as UAVs or unmanned aerial vehicles. which contains remote control stations, both launch and landing times, applicable systems, support sub-systems, communication sub-systems, transportation subsystems, and others. This system must also be considered as part of the local or global air or aviation transportation environment with all binding regulations. UAS usually has the same elements as a system based on manned aircraft, but with an air element, which is an instrument such as an aircraft designed from conception to be operated without a crew, flight crew as a sub-system, with aircraft control and control replaced by subsystems, intelligence and electronic control. Unmanned aerial Systems (UAS), defined as a system, whose components include air vehicles and related equipment that do not carry human operators, but instead fly controlled independently from long distances. The UAS must be considered in the context of a system that includes the Command, Control and Communication (C3) system, and the personnel needed to control the drone. The Unmanned Aircraft system (UAS) has recently been widely used in military and civil applications. The importance and benefits of using this UAS are in search and rescue, real-time surveillance, surveillance operations, traffic monitoring, inspection and outreach of dangerous locations, also suitable for very dangerous situations where direct monitoring by humans is not possible. In general, UAS describes the whole system which includes aircraft, control stations, and data links.(6) Other elements, such as launch, landing, recovery, communication, support, etc. Has its equivalent in a manned and unmanned system. Unmanned aircraft should not be confused with model airplanes or as 'drones', as is often done by most media or press crews. Radio control aircraft models are only used for activities such as sports which must remain in front of the operator's eyes. Operators are usually limited to instructing aircraft to go up or down and turn left or right. Drone aircraft will be asked to fly out of the sight of the operator, but do not have intelligence, only launched with the aim that has been tapped and will return to base.(7) Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS), also referred to as a combined system on drones, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and long-range aircraft (RPA), this UAS has a long military pedigree that reflects their long-term potential in supporting efforts to

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maintain security in this case providing data through planned surveys and supervision. Although visibility is only publicized and explained to the general public, this can convey the impression that the UAS is the latest technological innovation, the use of pre-dated unmanned flights that have been tried by humans, as its controller.(8)

INTEROPERABILITY Interoperability is a matter of real agreement. In other words, interoperability from two or more parties not only means that there will be an agreement between the parties, but they can also act in accordance with the agreement.(9). Thus, the best way to imply is to make all instrument become a good thing to do their responsibility in accordance with the systems in it In line with all of that the MPA monitoring Methods are taking actions on several movement: a. Enforcement of strategic MPAs, increasing the provision of data on offenders, using historical data to anticipate activities, dictating various increases in data diversity b. Improved patrol and supervision mechanisms through the integration of AIS Lintas Air to improve supervision and effectiveness in using MPAs. c. Application of Automatic Micro-UAS and rapid response systems at selected locations to improve MPA enforcement and management. Promote of Airborne AIS inclusion in patrolling of all area MPAs by demonstration of this capability in selected MPA. d. support the adoption of AIS Lintas Air and rapid response in the MPA Management Unit work plan and ensure support from the Government. Maritime surveillance is a key to gather many data in line with operation in Navies circumstances, as daily routine to maintenance and steady awareness in areas mentioned. The key that can provide the data can be imply as 1. Maritime Surveillance Building blocks. a. Sensors for data gathering. 1) Cooperative sensors/systems a) Vessel Traffic Management System (VTMS) b) Automatic Identification System (AIS) c) Long Range Identification & Tracking (LRIT) d) Space based AIS (Comdev, Exact Earth) 2) Non cooperative sensors a) Microwave Radar, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), Phased Array Radar (PAR) etc., b) RF and EM sensors. c) Acoustic sensors. d) Optical sensors (CCTV Cameras, IR cameras, Laser Illuminated Range Gated cameras). 2. Correlation and data fusion by Command & Control (C & C). a. Sensors gather data in incoherent fashion.

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b. c.

Command & Control (C & C) software makes data coherent by correlating the data to generate Common Operating Picture. C & C should have capability for 1) Control, Processing, Tracking of data from Radars, EO Sensors, AIS, Sonobuoys, Communication Rx and satellites. 2) Track Management and Correlation. 3) Central Alarm and Alert Management. 4) Networking Support and Data Routing. 5) Remote System Health Monitoring. 6) Operator Interface and MMI.

CONCLUSION Maritime Security is one of the main international issues that must be addressed not only at the national level but also at the international level. During the post-Cold War period, ongoing efforts from countries and all relevant international organizations such as the United Nations, European Union and NATO to bring this issue to the agenda of the international community by publishing a strategy document were the result of this situation. In this context, Navies, as a key player in the field, faces challenges in developing core capability requirements to be able to increase situational awareness in the maritime environment through the integration of UAS with MPAs into the National Airspace where maritime activities are the main domain. a. A responsible approach to Maritime Domain Awareness is needed for effective maritime surveillance and to promote regional or global economic stability. b. Maritime Security warrants enduring, participative approach for sharing of information between civilian and military authorities both national, international level. c. Maritime Surveillance should cover full EEZ by using over the horizon sensors and space-based sensors for early warning. d. Advanced data fusion and analytical tools should be deployed as decision support aid.

RECOMMENDATIONS UAS must be seen as an indispensable tool for modern warfare. Specifically, decision makers in the Navy must consider UAS as one of the most important instruments in their efforts to raise situational awareness in the maritime domain and invest more resources in developing UAS. Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) are emerging technologies with all the extraordinary potential to revolutionize defense and security and to activate new civil applications. this is an integral part of future civil and military applications. Technology is mature enough to be integrated into all areas of human life. The importance of UAS in scientific applications has been demonstrated thoroughly in recent years. Whatever mission is chosen for the UAS, its number and use will increase significantly in the future.

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UAS currently plays an increasingly important and increasing role in many missions, such as border surveillance, wildlife surveys, military training, weather monitoring and local law enforcement. Challenges such as the lack of pilots on airplanes to see and avoid other aircraft and wide variations in missions and capabilities of unmanned aircraft must be overcome to integrate UAS operations UAS using UAVs is more suitable for missions that are uncertain, dirty, or dangerous than manned aircraft. UAS is mainly used for intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR), border security, counter insurgency, attacks and strikes, identification of targets and designations, relay communications, electronic attacks, law enforcement and security applications, environmental monitoring and also agriculture, air sensing mapping and meteorologist. Although armed forces around the world continue to invest in technology research and development with the potential to advance the capabilities of the UAS To accelerate the interoperability process with the aim of securing a better work environment, in this case interoperability, the UAS in the MPA system needs to a. Begin requesting Standard Operating Procedures in an open format based on the underlying open standards b. Give feedback to your tool providers, they might be dealt with in the next system release. Some developers have indicated that certain features can be added on demand. c. Educate your colleagues and shareholders in it about the benefits of interoperability, using this system Stakeholders are advised to seize the advantages from the systems in UAS as well...