Math report 18th century PDF

Preview

Summary

This is a summary of my report in math...

Description

LEONHARD EULER (1707-1783)

1

Seven bridges of Konigsberg

AUGUSTIN LOUIS CAUCHY (1789-1857)

2

 He was a Swiss mathematician  he was the first mathematician to write f(x) to denote function 

He also introduced the modern notation for the trigonometric functions, the letter e for the base of the natural logarithm (now also known as Euler’s number), the Greek letter Σ for summations and the letter i to denote the imaginary unit.

EULER’ S FORMULA For any real number x, Euler’s formula states

satisfies  He discovered ways to express various logarithmic functions using power series, and he successfully defined logarithms for negative and complex numbers  He also defined the

exactly once and returns to the starting point.  1736 Euler solved this problem, and prooved that it is not possible.  This solution is considered to be the first theorem of graph theory

exponential function for complex numbers, and discovered its relation to the trigonometric functions

Seven bridges of Konigsberg  This was old mathematical problem.  The problem was to decide whether it is

that the complex

possible to follow a path

exponential function

that crosses each bridge 3

GABRIEL CRAMER (1704-1752)

THOMAS SIMPSON (1710-1761)

JEAN LE ROND D’ALAMBERT (1717-1783)

4

GABRIEL CRAMER (1704-1752)  Swiss mathematician  He is the most famous by his rule (Cramer’s rule) which gives a solution of a system of linear equations using determinants.

THOMAS SIMPSON (1710-1761)

numerical methods of integration.  He wrote books Algebra,

Geometry, Trigonometry, Fluxions, Laws of Chance, and others

JEAN LE ROND D’ALAMBERT (1717-1783)  He dealt with problems of

JOSEPH LOUIS LANGRANGE (17361813)  he wrote a letter to Euler in which he solved the isoperimetrical problem which for more than half a century had been a subject of discussion.  Lagrange established a

dynamics and fluids and

society known as Turing

especially with problem of

Academy, and published

education and taught

vibrating string which

himself mathematics

leads to solving partial

while he was working like

diferential equations

Miscellanea Taurinesia, his work in which he corrects mistakes made by some of great ma

 He received little formal

a weaver.  Simpson is best

 During his second part of life, he was mainly

remembered for his work

occupied with the great

on interpolation and

French encyclopedia

thematicians

5

JOSEPH LOUIS LANGRANGE (1736-1813)

PIERRE-SIMON LAPLACE (1749-1827)

GASP GASPARD ARD MONGE (1746-1818)

6

PIERRE-SIMON LAPLACE (1749-1827)  French mathematician and astronomer  His most known works are

Traite de mecanique celeste and Theory analytique des probabiliteis  He is remembered as one of the greatest scientists of all time, sometimes referred to as a French Newton or Newton of France  For Laplace, mathematics was merely a kit of tools used to explain nature  To Lagrange, mathematics was a sublime art

GASP GASPARD ARD MONGE (1746-1818)  French mathematician  Monge is considered the

ADRIEN – MARIE LEGENDRE (1752-1833)  He made important contributions to

father of differential

statistics, number

geometry because of his

theory, abstract

work Application de

algebra and

l'analyse à la géométrie where he introduced the concept of lines of

mathematical analysis.  Legendre is known in

curvature of a surface in

the history of

3-space.

elementary

 His method, which was one of cleverly representing 3dimensional objects by appropriate projections 2dimensional plane, was adopted by the military and classified as top secret

methematics principially for his very popular

Elements de geometrie  He gave a simple proof that π(pi) is irrational as well as the first proof that

7

π2(pi squared) is irrational. JEAN BAPTISTE JOSEPH FOURIER(1768-1830)

 “ Mathematics is the

 He also researched

queen of the sciences

in convergence and

and number theory is the queen of mathematics.”

divergence of

 French mathematician, physicist and historian  Fourier established the partial differential equation governing heat diffusion and solved it by using infinite series of trigonometric functions

AUGUSTIN LOUIS CAUCHY (1789-1857)

infinite series, differential equations, determinants, probability and

 Cauchy started the project of

mathematical physics.

formulating and proving the teorems

 He was first to

JOHANN CARL FRIEDRICH GA GAUSS USS

of calculus in a

prove Taylor’s

rigorous manner and

theorem, he brought

(1777 – 1855)

was thus an early pioneer of analysis

a whole new set of

 He worked in a wide variety of fields in both

teorems and

 He also gave several

definitions, he

important theorems in complex analysis and initiated the

dealed with

magnetism, astronomy

study of

other problems.

and optics.

permutation groups

mathematics and physics incuding number theory, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy,

mechanics, optics, elasticity and many

JEAN BAPTISTE ADRIEN – MARIEJOSEPH JOHANN CARL 8 FOURIER LEGENDRE FRIEDRICH GA GAUSS USS (1752-1833) (1777 – (1768-1830) 1855)

9...