MCQChapter 07-Learning PDF

Preview

Summary

MCQ practice...

Description

1

Psychologists define learning as the process of x adapting to the environment. Incorrect x responding to external stimuli. Incorrect x reinforcing behavioral responses. Incorrect x Answer )Correct

2

(True

Acquiring new habits best illustrates the process of x extrinsic motivation. Incorrect x instinctive drift. Incorrect x (True Answer )Correct x spontaneous recovery. Incorrect If a sea slug on repeated occasions receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates x spontaneous recovery. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct x observational learning. Incorrect x operant conditioning. Incorrect

4

Conditioning is the process of x discrimination. Incorrect x spontaneous recovery. Incorrect x (True Answer )Correct x observational learning. Incorrect

5

In

a stimulus is any event or situation that

x triggers imitation. Incorrect x signals a reinforcer. Incorrect x elicits operant behavior. Incorrect x (True Answer )Correct 6

Jordan is frightened by the sound of a train whistle. The sound is a(n)

= anticipatory response

x intermittent reinforcement. Incorrect x spontaneous recovery. Incorrect x operant chamber. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct 7

Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate Chó, 1 tác nhân kích thích xảy ra sẽ dự đoán

1 tác nhân kích thích khác sẽ xảy ra —> chó nghe

x shaping. Incorrect tiếng còi, sẽ dự đoán có thức ăn (kết quả cuối cùng x extrinsic motivation. Incorrect là chó chảy nước miếng) x . (True Answer )Correct x observational learning. Incorrect 8

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying Người, hành động đẩy cần máy bán hàng x intrinsic motivation. Incorrect sẽ có kết quả là nhận được kẹo x respondent behavior. Incorrect x spontaneous recovery. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct

9

The acquisition of information by observing events, watching others, or through language is called x classical conditioning. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct x partial reinforcement. Incorrect x shaping. Incorrect

10

After one chimpanzee a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates x shaping. Incorrect x spontaneous recovery. Incorrect x respondent behavior. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct

11

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by x John B. Watson. Incorrect x B. F. Skinner. Incorrect x Albert Bandura. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct

12

John . Watson considered himself to be a(n) x physiological psychologist. Incorrect x cognitive psychologist. Incorrect x (True Answer )Correct x psychoanalyst. Incorrect

13

John B. Watson would have expressed the greatest of attempts to scientifically study whether

behavior should be not related

x consumer buying habits are influenced by newspaper to mental process advertisements. Incorrect x worker productivity is influenced by hourly wage rates. Incorrect x (True Answer )Correct x aggressive behavior is influenced by threats of punishment. Incorrect 14

Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol? x negative reinforcement Incorrect x (True Answer )Correct x latent learning Incorrect x operant conditioning Incorrect

15

The “ annoyance were

” that Pavlov initially considered an

chó tiết nước bọt

x unconditioned responses. Incorrect x primary reinforcers. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct x conditioned reinforcers. Incorrect 16

In , a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called a(n) x unconditioned stimulus. Incorrect x secondary reinforcer. Incorrect x (True Answer )Correct x primary reinforcer. Incorrect

17

Which of the following is an

?

x playing jump rope Incorrect x running through a maze to get a food reward Incorrect x (True Answer )Correct x clapping after a thrilling concert performance Incorrect In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was x a tone. Incorrect x salivation to the sound of a tone. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct x salivation to the food in the mouth. Incorrect 19

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n) x (True Answer )Correct x unconditioned response. Incorrect x conditioned stimulus. Incorrect x conditioned response. Incorrect

20

In Pavlov's experiments, the taste of food triggered the dog's salivation. Salivation to the taste of food was a(n) x conditioned response. Incorrect x (True Answer )Correct x unconditioned stimulus. Incorrect x conditioned stimulus. Incorrect

21

In Pavlov's experiments, the sound of the tone triggered the dog's salivation. Salivation to the sound of a tone was a(n) x True Answer )Correct x unconditioned stimulus. Incorrect x unconditioned response. Incorrect x conditioned stimulus. Incorrect

22

A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)

x . (True Answer )Correct x unconditioned stimulus. Incorrect x conditioned stimulus. Incorrect x unconditioned response. Incorrect 23

A dog salivates to the sound of a tone because the tone has regularly been associated with the delivery of food. In this case, the tone is called a(n) x unconditioned stimulus. Incorrect x primary reinforcer. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct x immediate reinforcer. Incorrect

24

A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a x US. Incorrect S. (True Answer )Correct x UR. Incorrect x CR. Incorrect

25

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called x shaping. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct x generalization. Incorrect x spontaneous recovery. Incorrect

26

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus signals the impending occurrence of x latent learning. Incorrect x a conditioned reinforcer. Incorrect x (True Answer )Correct x operant behavior. Incorrect

27

In classical conditioning, the NS becomes a ________ after it reliably signals the impending occurrence of the ________. x US; CS Incorrect

x UR; CR Incorrect x (True Answer )Correct x CR; UR Incorrect 28

Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that was repeatedly associated with the presentation of a female quail. The sexual arousal triggered by the red light was a x UR. Incorrect x US. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct x CS. Incorrect

29

A geometric figure is most likely to trigger sexual arousal if presented shortly x after an appropriate UR. Incorrect x after an appropriate US. Incorrect x before an appropriate UR. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct

30

Associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus can create a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. This best illustrates x shaping. Incorrect x spontaneous recovery. Incorrect x intermittent reinforcement. Incorrect x (True Answer )Correct

31

Extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________. x UR; CR Incorrect x CS; UR Incorrect x US; UR Incorrect x (True Answer )Correct

32

Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone x spontaneous recovery. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct x generalization. Incorrect x discrimination. Incorrect

33

The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called x generalization. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct x secondary reinforcement. Incorrect x shaping. Incorrect

34

The occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggests that during extinction x the CS is eliminated. Incorrect x the CR is eliminated. Incorrect x the CS is suppressed. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct

35

In classical conditioning, generalization refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the x unconditioned stimulus. Incorrect x primary reinforcer. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct x conditioned reinforcer. Incorrect

36

Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate when stimulated on other body parts. This best illustrates x spontaneous recovery. Incorrect x continuous reinforcement. Incorrect x latent learning. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct

37

Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates x . (True Answer )Correct x secondary reinforcement. Incorrect x shaping. Incorrect x spontaneous recovery. Incorrect

38

Compared with nonabused children, those who have experienced a history of abuse show a stronger brain-wave response to an unfamiliar but angry-looking face. This best illustrates

x shaping. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct x the law of effect. Incorrect x negative reinforcement. Incorrect 39

Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of x latent learning. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct x delayed reinforcement. Incorrect x shaping. Incorrect

40

Because of the discomfort and embarrassment associated with his childhood bed-wetting, Andrew becomes nervous whenever he senses an urge to urinate. If genital arousal subsequently makes Andrew unusually anxious, this would best illustrate x shaping. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct x spontaneous recovery. Incorrect x secondary reinforcement. Incorrect

41

The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called x acquisition. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct x generalization. Incorrect x latent learning. Incorrect

42

Your heart may race when you are confronted by a lion but not when you are approached by a kitten. This best illustrates the adaptive value of x shaping. Incorrect x True Answer )Correct x extrinsic motivation. Incorrect x spontaneous recovery. Incorrect

43

Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of x shaping. Incorrect

x intermittent reinforcement. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct x spontaneous recovery. Incorrect 44

Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because x it highlighted the role of cognitive processes in learning. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct x it demonstrated an essential difference between animal and human learning. Incorrect x all learning depends on reinforcement. Incorrect

45

Just after they taste a sweet liquid, mice are injected with a drug that produces an immune response. Later, the taste of the sweet liquid by itself triggers an immune response. This best illustrates x the law of effect. Incorrect x latent learning. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct x instinctive drift. Incorrect

46

To assess whether Mrs. Webster had suffered from a brain injury, researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a sound that signaled the delivery of a puff of air directed toward her face. In this application of classical conditioning, the sound was a x US. Incorrect x UR. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct x CR. Incorrect of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears x can interfere with the process of learning. Incorrect x can be used as negative reinforcers. Incorrect x are acquired through observational learning. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct

48

After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of

x secondary reinforcement. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct x shaping. Incorrect x spontaneous recovery. Incorrect 49

After he was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant, Colin became afraid to go to the restaurant. In this case, spanking was a(n) ________ for Colin's fear. x negative reinforcer Incorrect x conditioned stimulus Incorrect x secondary reinforcer Incorrect x (True Answer )Correct

50

Comedian-writer Mark Malkoff reported that his fear of flying faded after he faced his fear and lived on an airplane for 30 days. His reduction of fear best illustrated the process of x shaping. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct x spontaneous recovery. Incorrect x secondary reforcement. Incorrect

51

In which form of learning is behavior influenced by its consequences? x observational learning Incorrect x classical conditioning Incorrect x (True Answer )Correct x latent learning Incorrect

52

Laurie's thumbsucking has become habitual because she feels less anxious when she sucks her thumb. This best illustrates the process of x generalization. Incorrect x classical conditioning. Incorrect x latent learning. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct

53

The study of respondent behavior is to ________ as the study of operant behavior is to ________. x r (True Answer )Correct x Bandura; Skinner Incorrect x Skinner; Bandura Incorrect

x Bandura; Pavlov Incorrect 54

Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box. With successive trials, the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed. This illustrates Responses that produce a satisfying effect x latent learning. Incorrect in a particular situation become more likely x . (True Answer )Correct to occur again in that situation, and responses x respondent behavior. Incorrect that produce a discomforting effect become x spontaneous recovery. Incorrect

less likely to occur again in that situation

55

B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called x shaping. Incorrect x observational learning. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct x latent learning. Incorrect

56

A Skinner box is a(n) x aversive or punishing event that decreases the occurrence of certain undesirable behaviors. Incorrect x “slot machine” used to study the effects of partial reinforcement on human gambling practices. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct x television projection device designed for use in laboratory studies of observational learning. Incorrect

57

An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a(n) x conditioned stimulus. Incorrect x unconditioned stimulus. Incorrect x (True Answer )Correct x operant behavior. Incorrect

58

Skinner developed a behavioral technology that included a procedure known as x . (True Answer )Correct x modeling. Incorrect x latent learning. Incorrect

x intrinsic motivation. Incorrect 59

Shaping is a(n) ________ procedure. x latent learning Incorrect x (True Answer )Correct x classical conditioning Incorrect x observational learning Incorrect

60

You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to x fear cars in the street. Incorrect x dislike the taste of dead birds. Incorrect x wag its tail whenever it is emotionally excited. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of x . (True Answer )Correct x delayed reinforcement. Incorrect x classical conditioning. Incorrect x secondary reinforcement. Incorrect

62

Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of x secondary reinforcement. Incorrect x delayed reinforcement. Incorrect x spontaneous recovery. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct

63

A psychologist would be most likely to use ________ to determine whether nonverbal organisms can perceive different colors. x mirror neurons Incorrect x modeling Incorrect x a cognitive map Incorrect x (True Answer )Correct

An event or situation signaling that an operant response will be reinforced is called a(n) x cognitive map. Incorrect x unconditioned stimulus. Incorrect x primary reinforcer. Incorrect x (True Answer )Correct 65

A pigeon is consistently reinforced with food for pecking a key after seeing an image of a human face, but not reinforced for pecking after seeing other images. By signaling that a pecking response will be reinforced, the image of a human face is a(n) x unconditioned stimulus. Incorrect x partial reinforcement. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct x primary reinforcer. Incorrect

66

Because Mr. Baron demonstrates appreciation only for very good classroom answers, his students have stopped participating in class. Mr. Baron most clearly needs to be informed of the value of x generalization. Incorrect x modeling. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct x latent learning. Incorrect

67

Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n) x conditioned stimulus. Incorrect x unconditioned stimulus. Incorrect x . (True Answer )Correct x negative reinforcer. Incorrect

68

Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n) x r. (True Answer )Correct x unconditioned response. Incorrect x conditioned response. Incorrect x negative reinforcer. Incorrect

69

Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________. x (True Answer )Correct x primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer Incorrect x immediate reinforcer; delayed reinforcer Incorrect x reinforcement; punishment Incorrect

70

Positive reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding. x decrease; increase Incorrect x increase; decrease Incorrect x (True Answer )Correct x have no effect on; decrease Incorrect

71

Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n) x c...