Mod 1 & 2 - Test Questions PDF

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BIO 181: EXAM 1 Quiz Study Guide MOD: 1 1. The paramecium swims by way of using a flagella. False 2. In order to examine cells which are smaller than can be detected by the human senses what needs to be used? Technology 3. In your own multicellular body, different cells in your body have a division of labor between them. True 4. The contractile vacuole of the paramecium is possibly an evolutionary precursor of the kidney. True 5. In Cell Biology what can limit the progress of science? Technology 6. What limits the paramecium from acquiring more complex functions? A paramecium has a limited number of biomolecular machines to carry out many functions. It can only do so much with what it has. 7. Compared to bacteria which of the cell types below are not responsible for finding food” Lymphocyte, Macrophage, Fibroblast 8. A cell that is itself an organism must have a minimum of four needs presented in lecture. List these four things. It must find food, find shelter, find a mate, and reproduce. 9. Comparing a single-celled eukaryotic organism with a multicellular organism such as yourself identify the major difference from the list below. Division of Labor

10. In your own multicellular body, cells with different functions have different DNA. False 11. The paramecium discussed in class contained an organelle called the contractile vacuole. This is the presumed precursor of the: Kidney 12. Write a few sentences that explain what limits an individual cell from becoming more complex. Paramecium cells have to do everything themselves and there is no division of labor. They need to find food, shelter, a mate, and reproduce on its own. Also, it has a limited number of biomolecular machines to provide the previous said needs. Each individual cell also has to escape from predators, making it harder to find resources it needs to survive. 13. A single-celled eukaryotic organism: Has a limited number of biomolecular machines, Must find food, shelter, a mate and reproduce, Escape from predators.

MOD 2:

1. The association of ribosomes with _________________ invaginations would support the ______________ theory. Membrane and Endomembrane theory.

2. DNA in extant prokaryotic cells is circular. TRUE 3. After a cell is pancake shaped in a cell culture dish, the order of events that occurs as a cell walks is (pick the best order): Filapodia, lamellipodia, cell muscle, retraction fiber

4. Loss of the cell wall was required for the endomembrane system theory. TRUE 5. Why is it important to know the limitations of technology?

6. The ancient earth did not contain much oxygen. TRUE 7. Ribosomes bound to some of the membrane invaginations in the endomembrane theory. TRUE 8. The cytoskeleton gave rise to the nuclear envelope. FALSE 9. A normal cell is ____________and _________________for growth. Anchorage dependent and mortal

10. In an extant prokaryotic cell, the outer boundary of life is the capsule. FALSE 11. In an extant prokaryotic cell, the outer boundary of life is the capsule. The surface area to volume ratio 12. Fluorescence microscopy is a form of light microscopy. TRUE 13. Loss of the cell wall is required for the endosymbiotic theory. TRUE 14. The end of the retraction fiber touching the cell culture plate still contains the cell equivalent of super-glue. TRUE 15. The cytoskeleton enabled the primitive cell to become motile.

TRUE 16. Motility improved the fitness of these early cells because: It allowed them to move away from predators and towards food. 17. TEM provides a thin, two-dimensional section of the object being studied. TRUE 18. When cancer cells are crowded by surrounding cells, the cancer cells become spherical and they can still go through cell division. TRUE 19. It is presumed that the peroxisomes evolved in these primitive, protoeukaryotes to remove oxygen, which was toxic to the primitive cells. TRUE 20. The presumed first step in the transition of the primitive, protoprokaryotic cell into the primitive, proto-eukaryotic cell was the loss of the cell wall. TRUE 21. List one limitation of the cell culture technique. Not all cells can grow in a culture. 22. A cell that is anchorage-dependent for growth will also exhibit contact inhibition. TRUE 23.A cancer cell will be anchorage-dependent for growth and immortal. FALSE 24. A normal cell is anchorage-dependent for growth and mortal. TRUE

MOD 3: Active transport uses ATP to move components in parallel with their concentration gradient, that is: from a high concentration to a low concentration. FALSE

It is a simple matter (i.e., thermodynamically favorable) for a vesicle to form from the endoplasmic reticulum. FALSE What are the orphaned organelles orphaned from? They are isolated from the Endomembrane System. For a protein to enter the endoplasmic reticulum as part of the endoplasmic reticulum’s lumen or part of the endoplasmic reticulum’s membrane: A ribosome binds to the mRNA and a short stretch of protein is synthesized that contains a signal sequence. Draw a phospholipid and make sure the numbers of carbons are clearly identified.

The ER is contiguous with the Golgi apparatus. FALSE What are the two functions of a membrane? Protect the cell from its surroundings and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. Explain how the vesicles are carried from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane. The Golgi apparatus makes a vesicle for proteins which travelson the microtubule system then on the actin filament system to the plasma membrane. In short: golgi apparatus makes vesicle, vesicle-> microtubule system-> actin filament-> plasma membrane A single pass trans-membrane protein that is an alpha helix can make a channel. FALSE

Explain the evolutionary origin of mitochondria. mitochondria evolved by way of endosymbiosis. A cell (PPE) that was presumably sick or weakened attempted to eat another cell (PPP) that was not weak and happened to be good at creating ATP. The PPP created extra ATP and gave it to the PPE. The health of the PPE improved and it kept the PPP within to create ATP. What is the difference between a single-pass transmembrane protein and a 7-pass transmembrane protein? A single-pass TMP crosses the membrane only once and is not an open channel. a 7-pass TMP will cross the membrane seven times and will create an open channel. Facilitated diffusion uses a channel protein to let components move down their concentration gradient. TRUE We are made up of ______ percent water. 50-70 What is the difference between a triglyceride and a phospholipid? A phospholipid has two fatty acids and a triglyceride has three fatty acids. Cholesterol is _____ to have in biological membranes. GOOD When a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane the contents of the lumen of the vesicle are: ligands that are used in cell communication If something is soluble in water and a shell of hydration forms around it, it is termed ___________________ . Hydrophilic The ER is contiguous with the nuclear envelope. TRUE Amino acids can be largely subdivided into two groups. What are the two groups? hydrophilic (polar), hydrophobic (non-polar) The plasma membrane gets new lipids from: None of the above MOD 4

The actin filament system extends outside of the cell. FALSE Molecular motors run on which two cytoskeletal filament systems? Actin and Microtubule filament systems have molecular motors. Cilia and microvilli contain a similar number of parallel actin filaments. FALSE The actin filament system is present in the nucleus. FALSE The diameter of an intermediate filament is 25 nm. FALSE Molecular motors use ATP as the energy source to power the molecular motors. TRUE Where is the histone H1 found? Histone H1 works like a staple holding DNA onto the nucleosomal core (contains 8 histones). To get into the nucleus a component has to have the correct signal sequence and pass through a nuclear pore. TRUE Consider the geography of cells. Actin filaments are present in the cell’s ___ and the microtubules are present in the cell’s ______. plasma membrane, interior (cortex) Which cytoskeletal filament system lines the inside of the nucleus to protect it? Intermediate filament system Naked DNA does not exist in Nature but scientists can make naked DNA in a test tube. TRUE Heterochromatin does not exist in interphase nuclei. FALSE Chromosomes are made out of Euchromatin. FALSE What does the nucleosomal core have in it (i.e., the basket ball like structure on the slides)? 8 histones (2 H2A, 2 H2B, 2 H3, 2 H4)

MOD 5: When a cell “talks to itself” it is called ____________ communication. Autocrine For a cell to respond to a ligand released from a cell and uses the circulatory system to get to the responding cell it is called ____________ communication. Endocrine For a cell to respond to a ligand released from a neighboring cell where the ligand diffuses directly from one cell to another is called ____________ communication. Paracrine There are two basic types of communication within cells. One type is called ____________ signaling and it takes days to weeks to occur. The other type is called _________ communication and it takes minutes to hours to act. Nuclear, cytoplasmic There are two basic forms of cytoplasmic signaling (i.e. signal transduction). One uses ____________ and the other uses ____________. Calcium signal, protein kinases There are two types of receptors. One type of receptor binds to polar (hydrophilic) ligands and this is the receptor located in the ____________ ____________ (two words). Plasma Membrane Two types of second messengers discussed in lecture can exist downstream of a plasma membrane receptor. These are ____________ and ____________. cyclic AMP and MAP kinase The other point where MAPK can become active is ____________ of the cell cycle. M Phase

When insulin binds to a receptor, this signal first uses ____________. Kinases There is communication between cells and communication ____________ cells. Within MAPK has two different functions depending on where this kinase acts in the ____________ ____________(two words). If the kinase becomes active during interphase the cell is triggered to progress through the ____________ ____________(two words). Cell cycle, Cell cycle

MOD: 6 Cancer can be described as a loss of cell cycle regulation. TRUE In your body not all cells go through the cell cycle. TRUE The activation of both MPF and MAPK result in _________ _________ (two words) of the cytoplasm during M-phase. Cytoplasmic division The _________ begins to be destroyed at the metaphase of the cell cycle causing the chromosomes to begin to _________. nuclear membrane, move to equator of the cell. cyclin B1 decondense Many chemotherapy drugs act by arresting the cell in M-phase of the cell cycle. TRUE Cytokinesis in plant and animal cells takes two forms. List them here. cleavage furrow and cell plate In the time span of 10 years every cell in your adult body goes through the cell cycle. FALSE

At these checkpoints, a cyclin works with a cyclin-dependent kinase (i.e., Cdk) to regulate the checkpoint. TRUE During mitosis, the cytoplasm of the cell is “settled down”. TRUE Cytoplasmic signal transduction controls the checkpoints of the cell cycle. TRUE An important checkpoint regulator is at the Gap2/M-phase transition. Here cyclin B and Cdk1 activate and form MPF which becomes a _________ _________ (two words) and causes the DNA to condense into _________. Histone kinase, chromosomes List the three categories of cells in the body with regard to the cell cycle. Cells that never go through cell cycle, cells that can be induced into cell cycle by injury; and cells that constantly go through cell cycle (G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase) After DNA synthesis (i.e., S-phase) an identical copy of the DNA has been made and this is present in the two chromatids when viewed as the chromosome. TRUE Gap1 of the cell cycle represents the time when the cell is doing what it is supposed to do as part of its cell type. In other words, that is when a liver cell is doing its function as a liver cell. TRUE The synthesis/presence of cyclin is what turns on the Cdk as the Cdk is always present, but it is the cyclin that is synthesized and degraded in cycles. TRUE...