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Do you desire that you could understand the Book of Allah without a translation? Do you wish to learn the language of the Qur’an? You do not have to go to the Middle East to learn Arabic! Now you can learn the language of the Qur’an from the comfort of your home, at your convenience. Visit www.LQToronto.com, watch/download the DVDs, textbooks, solutions to the exercises and more of the Madina Books Arabic Language Course, for free! www.LQToronto.com

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HANDOUTS For

Madina Book 1 Prepared by The Institute of the Language of the Qur’an (Toronto) (NO Copy rights reserved) Subject Parts of the Speech ……………………. The Arabic Alphabet …………………. Arabic Nouns Have Endings …………. Nominal Sentence ……………………... Cases Exercises ………………………... Sound Triliteral Verbs ………………... Jarun Wa Majroorun From Qur’an … Pronouns ………………………………. Pronouns-01-solved …………………… Pronouns-01 …………………………… Mudafu Mudafu Alei …………………. Mudafu Mudafu Alei From Qur’an … Mudafu Mudafu Alei - Examples ……. Phrases ………………………………… Feminine Gender ……………………… Adjectives ……………………………… Nominal Sentences From Qur’an ……. Grammatical Analysis ………………… Dual and Sound Plurals ………………. Broken Plurals ………………………… Singular-Dual-Plural …………………. Singular-Dual-Plural-Solved ………… Numbers ……………………………….. Types of Khabar ……………………….

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Parts of the Speech In English language there are 8 Parts of Speech namely: Noun

Pronoun

Verb

Adjective

Adverb

Preposition

Conjunction

Interjection

In Arabic language there are 3 Parts of Speech:

ِ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ْ ٌ

= Noun

ِ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ٌْ

= Verb

‫ﺣﺮف‬ ٌ َْ

= Particle

But these three Parts encompass all eight Parts of Speech of the English Language.

Parts of Speech in Arabic Language

ٌ َْ Particle ‫ﺣﺮف‬ Preposition =

Conjunction =

‫ﺟﺮ‬ ُ ْ ‫ﺣﺮف ََ ﱟ‬ ٍ ْ َ‫ﺣﺮف ﻋ‬ ‫ﻄﻒ‬ ُ َْ

ِ Verb ٌ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ْ Verb (same as in English)

ِ Noun ٌ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ْ Noun =

Pronoun =

Adjective =

Adverb =

Interjection =

Parts of the Speech

ِ ْ ٌ‫اﺳﻢ‬ َِ ‫ﺿﻤْﻴ ٌـﺮ‬ ٌ‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬ َ ِ / ‫ـﻌﺖ‬ ٌ ْ َ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻇﺮف‬ ٌ َْ ِ ِ ْ ِ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ُْ

Page 1

The Arabic Alphabet and Vowel Signs The Arabic letters of the alphabet are twenty nine (29) in number, all of which, with exception of Alif, are consonants. Consonants means it has speech sound. There are three vowel signs in Arabic. FATAH KASRAH DUMMA SUKUN

(‫) ـ ـَـ‬ (‫) ـ ـِـ ـ‬ (‫) ـ ـُـ ـ‬ (‫) ـ ـْـ ـ‬

denoting “a”

e.g.

denoting “i”

e.g.

denoting “u”

e.g.

َ ‫ =د‬da ‫ = ِد‬di

‫ = َر‬ra ‫ = ِر‬ri

‫ُد‬

‫ُر‬

= du

= ru

it is the sign denoting absence of a vowel.

A consonant that does not carry any vowel is marked by a Sukun. In Arabic there are three (3) parts of speech.

ِ ِ ‫ﺣﺮف‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ٌ ْ َ (Particle) ٌ ْ (Noun) ٌ ْ (Verb) ِ Arabic ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ٌ ْ ‫ ا‬includes English nouns, pronouns, adjectives and adverbs. ِ Arabic ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ٌ ْ is co-extensive with English verbs. ِ ِ All words besides ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ٌ ْ َ - Particles. ْ are ‫ﺣﺮف‬ ٌ ْ and ٌ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ِ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ٌ َ ِ َ) or definite (‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ٌَ ِ ْ َ) . ٌ ْ (noun) may be indefinite (‫ﻧﻜﺮة‬

There are no definite or indefinite articles in Arabic language equivalent to English a, an, the. Indefiniteness of

ِ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ٌْ

is indicated by

‫ـﻨﻮﻳﻦ‬ ْ ِ َْ‫ﺗ‬

( nunation at the end of the noun ) which means the

vowel sign is doubled at the end of the word. Definiteness is indicated by

‫َْال‬

prefixed to the noun.

ِ ‫ﻛﺘﺎب‬ ‫ـﻠﻢ‬ ٌ َ a book ٌ ََ‫ ﻗ‬a pen ِ ‫ْﻜﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﻠﻢ‬ ُ َ ‫ اﻟ‬the book ُ َ ‫ اﻟَْﻘ‬the pen ِ Since ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ْ َ do not coexist. ْ ِ َْ‫ ﺗ‬and ‫ال‬ ٌ ْ cannot at the same time be definite and indefinite, ‫ـﻨﻮﻳﻦ‬ ِ ‫ْﻜﺘﺎب‬ ٌ َ ‫ اﻟ‬and ‫ﻠﻢ‬ ٌ َ ‫ اﻟَْﻘ‬will be incorrect. Tanween is also used with proper nouns i.e. ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ٌٌ‫ ُ َ ﱠ‬،‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬ ٌ ِ َ ،‫زﻳﺪ‬ َْ . Even though there is a tanween at the end of the noun, these proper nouns are definite.

The Arabic Alphabet

Page 2

Arabic nouns have ENDINGS to show their functions in a sentence. Just like us, when we go to office, Bank or factory for work we have work cloths or uniforms, when we go for formal functions like weddings, Valimas or reception, we dress accordingly. When we are at home, we wear different cloths and when we retire for the night to sleep, we put on sleeping dress. In short, we dress according to what the occasion or function demands. Similarly, the Nouns have different endings to show their function in a sentence. It can be a subject ( Nominative case or ‫ع‬ ُ ْ َ ending ) or it can be an object of a verb ( Accusative case or ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ﻣﺮﻓﻮ‬ ٌ ‫ﻣﻨﺼﻮ‬ ُ ْ َ ending )

or it can be a possessor of a thing or come after a preposition or an adverb ( Genitive case or ‫ﻣﺠﺮوٌر‬ ُْ َ ending ). There are three endings of Noun (the vowel sign on the last letter of the noun).

‫ب‬ ‫ ُ َ ﱠ‬،‫ب‬ َِ ،‫ب‬ َِ ٌ ‫ َﺑﺎ‬،‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ﻛﺘﺎ‬ ُ ‫ اﻟَْﺒﺎ‬،‫ﻣﺤﻤٌﺪ‬ ُ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎ‬ ‫ َﺑﺎًﺑﺎ‬،‫ب‬ َ ‫ اﻟﺒﺎ‬،‫ ﻣﺤﻤ ًﺪا‬،‫ ﻛﺘﺎًﺑﺎ‬،‫ب‬ َ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎ‬ ٍ ‫ ﺑﺎ‬،‫ب‬ ِ ‫ اﻟﺒﺎ‬،‫ ﻣﺤﻤ ٍﺪ‬،‫ب‬ ٍ ‫ ﻛﺘﺎ‬،‫ب‬ ِ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎ‬ ‫ب‬

1. Dammah 2. Fatah 3. Kasrah

1. When the last letter of a noun has a DAMMAH It is said to be

ُ َْ (it indicates Nominative Case) ٌ‫ﻣﺮﻓﻮع‬ َِ ْ ُ ‫ﺐ‬ . ٌ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻬﺪ‬ ٌ ٌ ‫ﺣﺎﻣﺪ ﻃﺎﻟ‬

.ٌ‫ﺖ ﺟﻤﻴﻠﺔ‬ ٌ ‫آﻣﻨﺔ ُ ﺑﻨ‬

. ‫اﻟﺴﻮِق‬ ‫ذﻫﺐ ﻣﺤﻤٌﺪ إﻟﻰ ﱡ‬ َ ََ

2. When the last letter of a noun has a FATAH It is said to be

‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ﻣﻨﺼﻮ‬ ُ ْ َ (it indicates Accusative Case)

.‫ورﺳﻮﻟﻪ‬ ُ َ ً‫أﺷﻬﺪُ أنﱠ ﻣﺤﻤﺪا‬ ُ ُ ُ َ َ ُ‫ﻋﺒﺪﻩ‬ َْ

. ‫ﻋﻨﺪ َك‬ َْ ِ ‫دوﻻرًا‬ ْ ُ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ َْ

. ‫اﻟﺴﻮِق‬ ‫ﻳﺖ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اً ﻓﻲ ﱡ‬ ُ َْ‫َرأ‬

3. When the last letter of a noun has a KASRAH It is said to be

‫ﻣﺠﺮوٌر‬ ُْ َ

‫ﺷﻬٍﺮ ﻫﺬا ؟‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ْ َ ‫أي‬

(it indicates Genitive Case)

‫أي َﻳﻮٍم ﻫﺬا ؟‬ ‫ﱡ‬

.‫اﻟﺴ ِﺮﻳ ِﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔُ ﻋﻠﻰ ﱠ‬ َ ‫ا ﱠ‬

ِ . ‫ﺎب ﻣﺤﻤٍﺪ‬ ُ ‫ﻫﺬا ﻛَﺘ‬

Please memorize the above ARABIC TERMS and watch carefully the ENDING VOWEL SIGNS ON NOUNS TO KNOW ITS FUNCTION IN THE SENTENCE. Arabic Nouns Have Endings

Page 3

ُ َ ْ ُ ‫)اَﻟ‬ Nominal Sentence ( ُ‫ﺳﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ْﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻻ ْ ِ ﱠ‬

What is a sentence? Sentence is a group of words which make complete sense. Muhammad is a student. Hamid is sick. The core ingredients of any sentence are a subject and a predicate. The subject names a person, a place or a thing we are talking about. The predicate makes a statement about the subject. In other words the predicate is the part of a sentence which expresses what is said about the subject. In the above two sentences Muhammad and Hamid are subjects and “is a student” and “is sick” are predicates. In Arabic language there are two kinds of sentences. The one which begins with a noun

ِ ( ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ٌْ )

And the one which begins with a verb

is called nominal sentence

ِ ( ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ٌْ )

is called verbal sentence

‫ﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻻ ْ ِ ﱠ‬ ُ َ ْ ُ ‫اْﻟ‬ ُ‫ﺳﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻠﺔ اْﻟِ ْ ِﱠ‬ ُ‫ﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ‬ ُ َ ْ ُ ‫اْﻟ‬

We shall discuss here only the nominal sentence.

A simple nominal sentence is of this form:

ِ ٌ‫ز‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬ َْ ٌ َ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ِ ُ َِ ٌ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻤﺔ‬ َ َ ‫ﻓﺎﻃﻤﺔ‬ َ ‫ذﻛﻲ‬ َْ َ ُ َ‫اﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﺪ َ ِ ﱞ‬ ِ ‫ْﺒﻨﺖ‬ ٌَ‫ﺟﻤﻴْـﻠﺔ‬ َ ُ ِْ ‫اَﻟ‬

Zayd is learned. Fatimah is learned. The boy is intelligent. The girl is beautiful. Just like in English, a nominal sentence in Arabic has two parts: Subject

( ُ‫ْﻤﺒﺘﺪأ‬ َ َْ ُ ‫ ) اَﻟ‬and Predicate ( ‫ْﺨﺒَ ُـﺮ‬ َ ‫) اَﻟ‬

The noun with which the nominal sentence begins is called which says something about it is called

ٌ َ َْ ُ ) subject, and the other part ( ‫ﻣﺒﺘﺪأ‬

( ‫ ) َﺧﺒٌَـﺮ‬predicate.

Usually, the subject of a nominal sentence is a definite noun, either a proper noun like Zayd and Fatimah , a noun with the definite article like

‫ْﻮﻟﺪ‬ ُ َ َ‫ َاﻟ‬and ‫ْﺒﻨﺖ‬ ُ ِْ‫ اَﻟ‬or a pronoun.

The predicate is usually indefinite, and agrees in gender with the subject. Both the subject and the predicate are marfu (double) dumma.

Nominal Sentence

ُ ْ َ , that is, it will have one dumma or tanween ٌ‫ﻣﺮﻓﻮع‬ Page 4

Put the following nouns into their respective “cases”. First as indefinite then as definite nouns; then change them into feminine nouns and do like wise. Do as shown in the examples. FEMININE

Genitive

‫ﻣﺠﺮور‬ ٌ ُْ َ ِ ٍ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺔ‬ َْ ُ

MASCULINE

Accusative Nominative

‫ﻣﻨﺼﻮب‬ ٌ ُ َْ ِ ً‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺔ‬ َْ ُ

ُ ْ ‫َﻣ‬ ٌ‫ﺮﻓﻮع‬ ِ ٌ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺔ‬ َْ ُ

Genitive

‫ﻣﺠﺮور‬ ٌ ُْ َ ٍِْ ُ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻢ‬

Accusative Nominative

‫ﻣﻨﺼﻮب‬ ٌ ُ َْ ِ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤًﺎ‬ ُْ

‫ﻣﺮﻓﻮع‬ ٌ ُ َْ ِ ٌ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻢ‬ ُْ ‫ﺻﺎدق‬ ٌَِ ِ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬ ٌ َ ِ ‫ﻣﺆﻣﻦ‬ ٌ ُْ

‫ﻣﺪرس‬ ٌ ‫َُﱢ‬ ِ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﺮ‬ ٌ ِ ‫ﻛﺎذب‬ ٌ

ِ ِ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﺔ‬ َْ ُ

Cases Exercises

ِ َ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﺔ‬ َْ ُ

ِ ُ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﺔ‬ َْ ُ

ِ ِ ُْ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻢ‬

ِ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻢ‬ َ ُْ

ٌِ ْ ُ ‫ﻣﺸﺮك‬ ِ ‫ﻃﺎﻟﺐ‬ ٌ ‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫ﻃَِﺒﻴ‬ ِ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻢ‬ ُ ُْ

Page 5

Paradigm of the Unaugmented Triliteral Verb Group I - I

(‫ﺣﺴﺐ )ح‬ ِ ‫ﺑﺎب‬ َ َ ِ ِ ‫ﻳﺤﺴﺐ‬ ُ ْ َ : ‫ﺴﺐ‬ َ ‫َﺣ‬ He thought He inherited

ِ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ َ َ ‫ورث‬ َ َِ

Group I - A

ِ ‫ﺑﺎب‬ (‫ﺳﻤﻊََ )س‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻊ‬ ُ َْ َ : ‫ﺳﻤﻊ‬ ََ ِ He heard He understood

He played He memorized, protected

He drank He laughed He became happy He rode He worked He knew He showed mercy upon

He followed

ِ ‫ﺳﻤﻊ‬ ََ ‫ﻓﻬﻢ‬ َ َِ ِ ‫ﻟﻌﺐ‬ َ َ ‫ﺣﻔﻆ‬ َ َِ ‫ﺷﺮب‬ َ َِ

‫ﺿﺤﻚ‬ َ َِ

‫ﻓﺮح‬ َ َِ ِ ‫ﻛﺐ‬ َ ‫َر‬ ِ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ َ َ ِ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ َ َ ِ ‫رﺣﻢ‬ َ َ ‫ﺗﺒﻊ‬ َ َِ

Group U - U

Group A - A

(‫ﻛﺮم )ك‬ َ ُ َ ‫ﺑﺎب‬ ُ‫ﻳﻜﺮم‬ َُ َ ُ ْ َ : ‫ﻛﺮم‬

(‫ـﺘﺢ )ف‬ َ َ َ‫ﺑﺎب ﻓ‬

He became noble He moved away He became larger, bigger He approached

‫ﻛﺮم‬ َُ َ ‫ـﻌﺪ‬ َ ُ ‫َﺑ‬ ‫َﻛﺒُ َـﺮ‬ ‫ـﺮب‬ َ ُ ‫َﻗ‬

َ ْ َ‫ ﻳ‬: ‫ـﺘﺢ‬ َ َ َ‫ﻓ‬ ُ‫ـﻔﺘﺢ‬

He opened He went He bowed down He raised He did He searched He cut He gathered He prevented He explained He succeeded

He benefited He began He asked

He read

‫ـﺘﺢ‬ َ َ َ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ذﻫﺐ‬ َ ََ َ‫رََﻛﻊ‬

‫رﻓﻊ‬ َ ََ ‫ـﻌﻞ‬ َ َ َ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬ َ ََ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ََ َ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ َ ََ ‫ﻣﻨﻊ‬ َ ََ

‫ﺷﺮح‬ َ ََ ‫ﻧﺠﺢ‬ َ ََ َ‫ﻧَ َـﻔﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺪأ‬ َََ ‫ﺳﺄل‬ ََ َ َ‫ﻗَـَﺮأ‬

ِ‫ﱠ‬ ‫َأﺑﻮاب‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮد‬ َ- I‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺜﱡ‬ ِ ْ ِ Group ‫ ﱢ‬Aِ ‫ﻼ‬ َGroup ُ ‫ﺛﻲ‬ ُ ْA - U (‫ﺿﺮب )ض‬ َ َ َ ‫ﺑﺎب‬ ‫ﻳﻀﺮب‬ ُ ِ ْ َ : ‫ﺿﺮب‬ َ ََ

He struck or hit He sat He washed He returned He descended He broke

He knew

He lied He was patient He triumphed , overpowered

He carried

‫ﺿﺮب‬ َ ََ ‫ﺟﻠﺲ‬ َ ََ ََ َ‫ﻏﺴﻞ‬ ‫رﺟﻊ‬ َ ََ ‫ـﺰل‬ َ َ َ‫ﻧ‬

‫ﻛﺴﺮ‬ ََ َ ‫ﻋﺮف‬ َ ََ ‫ﻛﺬب‬ َ ََ ‫ﺻََﺒ َـﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﻠﺐ‬ َ ََ ‫ﺣﻤﻞ‬ َ ََ

(‫ﻧﺼﺮ )ن‬ َ َ َ ‫ﺑﺎب‬ ‫ـﻨﺼﺮ‬ ََ َ ُ ُ ْ َ‫ ﻳ‬: ‫ﻧﺼﺮ‬

He helped

He wrote

He entered

He seeked He prostrated He killed

He studied He lived He thanked He cooked

He created

He looked

He left He attended He failed He provided , bestowed or blessed He remembered or mentioned

He worshipped

He came out or exited He ordered He ate

He took

Sound Triliteral Verbs

‫ﻧﺼﺮ‬ ََ َ ‫ﻛﺘﺐ‬ َ ََ ‫دﺧﻞ‬ َ ََ

‫ﻃﻠﺐ‬ َ ََ ‫ﺳﺠﺪ‬ ََ َ ‫ـﺘﻞ‬ َ َ‫َﻗ‬ ‫س‬ ََ َ ‫در‬

‫ﺳﻜﻦ‬ َََ ‫ﺷﻜﺮ‬ ََ َ ‫ﻃﺒﺦ‬ َ ََ ‫ﺧﻠﻖ‬ َ ََ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ََ َ ‫ـﺮك‬ َ َ َ‫ﺗ‬

‫ﺣﻀﺮ‬ ََ َ ‫رﺳﺐ‬ َ ََ ‫رزق‬ َ ََ ََ َ‫ذﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ َ ََ ‫ﺧﺮج‬ َ ََ ‫أﻣﺮ‬ ََ ‫أﻛﻞ‬ ََ ‫أﺧَﺬ‬ َ 6

ِ ِ ‫ْﻔﻌﻞ اﻟ‬ The Conjugation of the Past Tense - ‫ْﻤﺎﺿﻲ‬ َ ُ ْ ‫اﻟ‬ Please remember that in Arabic Verbs the doer of the action (‫ْﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ِ َ‫ ) اﻟ‬is ALWAYS present. Either in ُ attached form or in its hidden form. He went ‘Alif’ of Dual

They (2 men) went They (more than 2 men) went

‘Waw’ of Plural

She went

‘Ta’ is the sign of feminine

They (2 women) went They (more than 2 women) went

‘Nun’ of the Feminine Plural

You (man) went You (2 men) went You (more than 2 men) went You (woman) went You (2 women) went You (more than 2 women) went I (male or female) went We (male or female) went

ِ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ‬ ٌ َ ْ ُ - hidden, implied, understood, tacit. The

‫أﻟﻒ‬ ٌ َِ

ِ ‫ اﻟ‬Suffix ‫ْﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ُ َ ِ NIL ‫ذﻫﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ‬ َ َ َ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ٌ َْ ُ َُ ‫ذﻫﺒﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜَـﻨﱠﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ُ َِ (‫أﻟﻒ‬ ٌ َِ) ‫ا‬ َ َ َ ‫ﻫﻤﺎ‬ ُ ‫أﻟﻒ‬ َُ ِ‫اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ْوا‬ ‫ذﻫﺒُ ْـﻮا‬ َ َُ َ ‫و)واو( واو‬ َ َ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ُْ ِ ِ ِْْ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ َﺗﺎء ﱠ‬ ِ ‫ﺒﺖ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ‬ ْ َ‫ذﻫ‬ َ َ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ْ ُ ٌ َْ ُ َ (‫أﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎ َذﻫﺒََـﺘَـﺎ‬ ٌ َِ) ‫ ا ا‬+ ‫ت‬ ْ َُ ِ ‫ﻧﻮن ﱢ‬ ‫ذﻫْﺒـ ـ َـﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﻮة‬ ‫َن‬ ‫َن‬ ‫ُﱠ‬ َ َ ‫ﻫﻦ‬ َْ ُ ُ ‫ت‬ ‫ـﺖ‬ ‫ت‬ َ َ َ ‫ذﻫﺒْـ‬ َ ْ ‫َأ‬ َ َ ‫ﻧﺖ‬ ‫َُﺗﻤﺎ‬ ‫ُْﺗﻢ‬ ‫ِت‬

‫َُﺗﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ُْ ‫ِت‬

‫َُﺗﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬ ‫ُﱠ‬ ‫ت‬ ُ

‫َُﺗﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻦ‬ ‫ُﱠ‬ ‫ت‬ ُ

‫َﻧﺎ‬

‫َﻧﺎ‬

‫ـﺘﻤﺎ‬ ََ َ ُ ‫ذﻫﺒْ ـ‬ ‫ـﺘﻢ‬ ََ ْ ُ ‫ذﻫﺒْ ـ‬ ِ ‫ذﻫﺒْـ‬ ‫ـﺖ‬ ََ ‫ـﺘﻤﺎ‬ ََ َ ُ ‫ذﻫﺒْ ـ‬ ‫ـﺘﻦ‬ ‫ذﻫﺒْـ ـ ُ ﱠ‬ ََ ‫ـﺖ‬ ُ ‫ذﻫْﺒ ـ‬ ََ ‫ذﻫْﺒـ ـ َـﻨﺎ‬ ََ

‫ـﺘﻤﺎ‬ َ ُ ْ‫أَﻧ‬ ‫ـﺘﻢ‬ ْ ُ ‫أَْﻧ‬ ِ َْ‫أ‬ ‫ﻧﺖ‬

‫ـﺘﻤﺎ‬ َ ُ ْ‫أَﻧ‬ ‫ـﺘﻦ‬ ‫أَْﻧ ُ ﱠ‬ ‫أََﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻦ‬ َُْ

ِ ‫ﺎﻋﻞ‬ ُ ‫ َاﻟْﻔ‬- The subject, i.e., “the doer of the action”.

of the third form (‫ ) ُﻫﻢ‬is not pronounced, though it must be written. It is called ْ

‫ْﻮﻗﺎَﻳـِـﺔ‬ َ ِ‫أﻟﻒ اﻟ‬ ُ َِ

(the alif of protection). It ‘protects’ verbs like ‫أﺧﺬوا‬ ْ ُ َ َ (they took) where the ‫ و‬is not joined to the body of

the verb and therefore may be mistaken for the conjunction ‫ َو‬meaning ‘and’.

ِ ِ ِ ‫ﺿﻤْﻴـﺮ ﱠ‬ ُ ٌ َ ). ٌ‫( َﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬the doer of action) is attached “pronoun” (ٌ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬ ِ ِ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ َ the ٌ‫ َﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬can be hidden or it can come after the verb in the sentence.

Out of the fourteen forms, in 12 forms the Only in two forms, i.e.,

Sound Triliteral Verbs

‫ﻫﻮ‬ َُ

and

7

References from the Noble Quran for ‫ﻟِـ ـ‬ ‫ﺑِـ ـ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ِﻓﻲ‬ َْ

by, at, in

belongs to, for

away from

2:8 And there are people (from men are) who say, “We believe in God and (in) the Last Day” 17:1 From the Inviolable House of Worship [at Mecca] to the far distant Place of Worship [at Jerusalem] 24:58 before the prayer of daybreak

24:58 and after the prayer of night fall

2:10 In their hearts is a disease

2:17 and leaves them in utter darkness

2:27 and spread corruption in the earth

2:256 There shall be no coercion in matters of faith

2:284 Unto God belongs all that is in the heavens and all that is in the earth.

3:6 He is Who shapes you in the wombs

3:46 and he shall speak unto men in his cradle

3:85 and in the life to come he shall be among (from) the lost 5:41 Theirs shall be (to them belongs) ignominy in this world, and (to them belongs) awesome suffering in the life to come 5:54 who strive hard in God’s cause

Jarun wa Majroorun from Qur’an

in

to

ٌْ‫وﻣﺠﺮور‬ ُ ْ َََ ‫ﺟﺎرﱞ‬ ‫ِﻣْﻦ‬

from

‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ََ on

ِ ‫ﺑﺎﷲ وِﺑﺎﻟْﻴ‬ ِ ِ ِ ِ َ ‫ـﻮم‬ ِ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﱠ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮ‬ ُ ُ ‫ﺎس ﻣﻦ ﻳﱠ‬ َ ‫َو‬ ََْ َ ‫ـﻘﻮل‬ ْ َ َ ِ ‫ءاﻣﻨﱠﺎ‬ ِِ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺠﺪ‬ ِ ِ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺠﺪِِ ْاﳊﺮ‬ َ ‫اﻷﻗﺼﺎ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ام‬ ْ َ ْ َ َْ ََ ْ َ ْ ‫َﻣﻦ‬ ِ ْ َ ْ ِ‫ﺻﻠﻮة‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺠﺮ‬ ٰ َ َ ‫ِﻣْﻦ َﻗ ْ ِـﺒﻞ‬ ِ‫اﻟﻌﺸﺂء‬ ِ ‫و ِﻣﻦ ﺑ‬ ِ ْ ِ‫ﺻﻠﻮة‬ ٰ َ َ ‫ـﻌﺪ‬ َْ ْ َ ِِ ُ ُ‫ِﻓﻲ ﻗ‬ ‫ﻣﺮض‬ ٌ َ َ ْ‫ﻢ‬‫ـﻠﻮ‬ ْ ٍ ُُ ‫وﺗَـﺮَﻛﻬﻢ ِﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻇﻠﻤﺎت‬ ُْ َ َ َ ِ َْ ‫ـﻔﺴﺪون ِﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ َ ْ ُ ِ ْ َُ‫وﻳ‬ ِ ْ ‫إﻛ َﺮاﻩَ ِﻓﻲ ﱢ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ْ ‫ﻵ‬ ِ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﻮ‬ ِ َْ ‫ات َو َﻣﺎ ِﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ٰ ‫ِِﷲ َﻣﺎ ِﻓﻲ ﱠ‬ ِ َ ‫ﻳﺼﻮرُﻛﻢ ِﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷرﺣﺎم‬ َْ ْ ُ ‫ﻫﻮ ﱠاﻟﺬي ُ َ ﱢ‬ َُ ِ ْ ‫وﻳﻜﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﱠﺎس ِﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﺪ‬ َْ َ ُ َ َُ ِ ْ ‫اﻵﺧﺮةِ ِﻣﻦ‬ ِ ِ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ َ َ ‫وﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ‬ َ ْ‫اﳋﺎﺳ ِﺮ‬ ََُ ِ َ ِ ِ ِ ُ َ‫ و‬، ‫اﻟﺪﻧْـﻴﺎ ِﺧﺰي‬ ‫ﻋﻈﻴﻢ‬ ُْ ْ َ ٌ ْ َ ‫ﻟﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﱡ‬ ٌ َ ِ‫اﻵﺧﺮة‬ ٌ ْ ََ ‫ﻋﺬاب‬ َ ‫ﻟﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ‬ ِ ِ َ ‫ﳚﺎﻫﺪون ِﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ِاﷲ‬ َ ْ ُ ِ َُ

Page 8

Kinds of Pronouns ‫ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ‬ ِ َ (Singular) ِ ُ َ َ (Plural) / ‫ﺿﻤﻴْ ٌـﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺼﻮب‬ ٌ ْ ُ ْ َ and ‫ﻣﺠﺮور‬ ٌ َُْ ْ Form ِ Pronouns are either separate ‫ـﻔﺼﻞ‬ ُ ْ Pronouns of Nasb and Jarr ُ َ ‫اﻟﻤْﻨ‬ the attached form ِ or attached ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻞ‬ ِ َِ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬ ُ ‫ ْ ُﱠ‬. ٌ ‫ﺿﻤﻴْ ٌـﺮ ُﱠ‬ The separate pronouns, also called

ِ ِ َ are ‫ـﻔﺼﻞ‬ ٌ َ ‫ﺿﻤْﻴ ٌـﺮ ُﻣْﻨ‬

detached pronouns,

independent and are not attached to any other word.

The attached pronouns

ِ َِ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬ ٌ ‫ﺿﻤ ْﻴ ٌـﺮ ُﱠ‬

are not independent, but are always attached to other words.

In the beginning of our studies we will learn the basic forms. As we progress we will learn them in greater details in book III ‫اﻟﻠﻪ‬ ِْ. ُ ‫ﺷﺎء ﱠ‬ َ َ ‫إن‬ The pronouns are

‫ﻣﺒﻨﻲ‬ ‫َ ِْ ﱞ‬

(fixed), i.e.,

they are not declinable. They remain stationary in one FORM. But they do have one fixed form when

ٌ‫ﻣﺮﻓُ ْـﻮع‬ ْ َ and another fixed form when they are ‫ﻣﻨﺼﻮب‬ ٌ ْ ُ ْ َ or ‫ﺮور‬ ْ َ. ٌ ْ ُ ‫ﻣﺠ‬

they are

For

‫ﻣﻨﺼﻮب‬ ٌ ُْ ْ َ and ‫ﻣﺠﺮور‬ ٌْ ُ ْ َ there is only

one form for attached pronouns which we will study here.

Nasb ‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ٌ ُْ ْ َ ٌ ْ َ means they are ‫ﻣﻨﺼﻮب‬ Jarr

‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ َ ﱞ‬means they are ‫ﻣﺠﺮور‬ ٌَْ ُ ْ

‫ُﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎ‬ َُ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ُْ ‫َﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎ‬ َُ ‫ﻫﻦ‬ ‫ُﱠ‬ ‫َك‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ َُ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ُْ ‫ِك‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ َُ ‫ﻛﻦ‬ ‫ُﱠ‬ *‫ي‬ ْ ‫َﻧﺎ‬

* this is known as

Pronouns

‫ﻣﺮﻓُ ْـﻮ ٌع‬ َْ

Form

Pronouns of Raf’ the separate form

ِ َِ ‫ـﻔﺼﻞ‬ ٌ َ ‫ﺿﻤْﻴ ٌـﺮ ُﻣْﻨ‬

Raf’

‫رﻓﻊ‬ ٌ َْ

means they are

ٌ‫ﻣﺮﻓ ُ ْـﻮع‬ َْ

‫ﻫﻮ‬ َُ ‫ﻫﻤﺎ‬ َُ

‫ﻫﻢ‬ ُْ ِ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ َ ‫ﻫﻤﺎ‬ َُ ‫ﻫﻦ‬ ‫ُﱠ‬ ‫أﻧﺖ‬ َْ ‫ـﺘﻤﺎ‬ َ ُ ْ‫أﻧ‬ ‫ـﺘﻢ‬ ْ ُ ‫أْﻧ‬ ِْ ‫أﻧﺖ‬

‫ـﺘﻤﺎ‬ َ ُ ْ‫أﻧ‬ ‫ـﺘﻦ‬ ‫أﻧْ ُ ﱠ‬ ‫َأﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻦ‬ َُْ

ِ ‫ – ﻳﺎءُ اﻟ ُ َ َ ﱢ‬Ya of the first person ‫ْﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬ Page 9

‫ﺿﻤﻴـﺮ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َ ٌْ‬ ‫)‪(singular‬‬

‫ﺿَﻤ ﺎﺋِﺮ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫)‪ُ(plural‬‬

‫ﻛِ‬ ‫ﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪٍ ﻓِ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎب ﱠ ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َُ‬ ‫‪Muhammad’s‬‬

‫‪Pronouns‬‬

‫ع‬ ‫َﻣْﺮﻓُـْﻮ ٌ‬

‫ﺼﻮب‬ ‫َﻣ ْﻨ ُْ ٌ‬ ‫ََوﻣْﺠُﺮْوٌر‬

‫‪book‬‬ ‫=‬

‫‪in the‬‬ ‫‪nominative‬‬ ‫‪case‬‬

‫‪in the accusative‬‬ ‫‪and genitive‬‬ ‫‪cases‬‬

‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫َُ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎ‬ ‫َُ‬

‫ُﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎ‬ ‫َُ‬

‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ُْ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎ‬ ‫َُ‬ ‫ﻫﻦ‬ ‫ُﱠ‬ ‫أﻧﺖ‬ ‫َْ‬

‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ُْ‬ ‫َﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎ‬ ‫َُ‬ ‫ﻫﻦ‬ ‫ُﱠ‬ ‫َك‬

‫ـﺘﻤﺎ‬ ‫أﻧْ ُ َ‬ ‫ـﺘﻢ‬ ‫أﻧْ ُ ْ‬ ‫ِْ‬ ‫أﻧﺖ‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫َُ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ُْ‬ ‫ِك‬

‫ـﺘﻤﺎ‬ ‫أﻧْ ُ َ‬ ‫ـﺘﻦ‬ ‫أﻧْ ُ ﱠ‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫َُ‬ ‫ُﻛﻦﱠ‬

‫أﻧﺎ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻦ‬ ‫َُْ‬

‫ي‬ ‫ﱠ‬

‫ْي‬ ‫َﻧﺎ‬ ‫‪results in‬‬

‫‪Page 10‬‬

‫‪in Muhammad’s‬‬ ‫‪book‬‬ ‫=‬

‫ﺘﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛَِ ُ ُ‬

‫‪in his book‬‬

‫ِ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪَُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ـﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑُ ُ َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ـﻬﻢ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑُ ُ ْ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑُ َـﻬﺎ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ـﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑُ ُ َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ـﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑُ ُ ﱠ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻛﺘ...