Module 13 14 - Test Questions PDF

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Module 13: Briefly explain why the action potential flows only from the axon hillock to the terminal web. The action potential originates from the axon hillock which initiates the flow of the action potential because of the presence of higher density voltage-gated ion channels. Excitatory synapses c...

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Module 13: Briefly explain why the action potential flows only from the axon hillock to the terminal web. The action potential originates from the axon hillock which initiates the flow of the action potential because of the presence of higher density voltage-gated ion channels. Excitatory synapses cause hyperpolarization of post-synaptic cells. FALSE How do the glial cells (i.e., myelin sheath) speed up the firing of neurons? Provides insulation for the axons. Fast neurons as described in lecture are fast because they are surrounded by a type of glial cell that results in a myelin coating. FALSE In the motor end plate, the event that is the immediate trigger for exocytosis is: Calcium ions. Excitatory synapses make the post-synaptic cell less likely to fire FALSE Acetylcholine exocytosed from the presynaptic cell travels to the postsynaptic cell to start the action potential in the postsynaptic cell. TRUE Acetylcholine esterase breaks acetylcholine into muscarinic acid FALSE Excitatory synapses cause depolarization of the post-synaptic cell. TRUE The resting potential of neurons is: None of the above The terminal web: is a site of exocytosis List the 4 types of glial cells and list a phrase to describe their function. Microglia: cleans up cellular debris, Astrocytes: support and repair neurons, Schwann Cells: myelinates axons of the neurons in the PNS, Satellite: form the brain-blood barrier within the CNS Fast neurons as described in lecture require cytoplasmic signal transduction to open an ion channel. FALSE The axon hillock in the pre-synaptic neuron fires based on temporal and spatial summation of inputs. TRUE Draw a neuron, and label all the parts as described in lecture. The membrane potential (resting potential) is largely set by the Na-K- ATPase pump. TRUE

The receptors in post-synaptic cells are the basis on which the synapse can be defined as inhibitory or excitatory. FALSE The action potential is: A result of the movement of ions. Draw an action potential in the axon of a neuron and indicate which ions flow into the neuron and out of the neuron as the action potential passes at the point where the electrodes are in the cell. Be sure to assign on the Y-axis the mV of each of these areas. This should be as described in my lectures. The post-synaptic cell can be: In glands, muscle cells, neurons Only pre-synaptic neurons are coated with myelin. FASLE The axon from a pre-synaptic cell contacts the axon of another neuron. FALSE When the presynaptic cell contacts a muscle cell, the synapse area is called a motor end plate. TRUE The cell body refers to the part of the neurons that begin at the dendrites and extend to the axon terminal. FALSE Voltage-gated ion channels open when a protein binds to the receptor. FALSE The autonomic nervous system contains the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system. TRUE Receptors are made from membrane-bound polyribosomes. TRUE Potassium ions are at high concentrations inside of cells including in neurons. TRUE The central nervous system (CNS) contains: No correct answer The neural tissues are: Spinal cord, sensory neurons, and brain

Module 14: What could the stress of taking an exam do to your glucose levels in various parts of the body? Production of adrenalin recruits glucose into the blood from liver and muscle glycogen stores and stops glycogen synthesis. Insulin is a ligand. TRUE When epinephrine is released it triggers activation of which part of the Autonomic Nervous System? Sympathetic nervous system Insulin is produced by alpha cells. FALSE The medulla of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine (i.e., adrenaline)

TRUE

Vitamin D is really a hormone. TRUE Explain how insulin and glucagon regulate the balance (i.e, homeostasis) between glycogen and glucose when epinephrine (i.e., adrenalin) is not involved. blood glucose rises b-cells of pancreas release insulin, insulin stimulates cells to use glucose and convert glucose to glycogen and fat, blood glucose falls, pancreas stops releasing insulin, cells use glycogen and fat for energy, blood glucose falls too low, a-cells release glucagon, glucagon stimulates liver to convert glycogen back to glucose Where do fats in the body play a role in balance between glucose and glycogen? When blood glucose levels fall, the pancreas stops releasing insulin, and cells switch to using glycogen and fat for energy Vitamin D is synthesized from cholesterol TRUE Your mom came back from her medical appointment and said that the M.D. told her she had low bone density. What medical problem could this cause and what hormones/endocrine glands in the body are involved? Medical Problem: Osteoporosis, muscle spasms and even seizures. Hormones: PTH and Vitamin D Gland: Parathyroid When the Sympathetic nervous system is triggered glycogen is broken down to glucose to provide more energy. TRUE The Parasympathetic Nervous System is triggered is trigger to act by exposure to epinephrine. FALSE Vitamin D causes the parathyroid to inhibit new PTH synthesis. TRUE...