Module 3 and 4 review - Test preparation for Exam 3 PDF

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Test preparation for Exam 3...

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REVIEW – UNIT 1: FRAMEWORK BIOS 2310 – Farmer

1.

NAME _____________________________________________ NOT DUE – ANSWERS ON BLACKBOARD

STUCTURE ALLOW HOMEOSTASIS: Explain how the skeleton helps maintain a stable internal environment.

The skeletal system helps maintain homeostasis. In some of your bones, there is bone marrow. Bone marrow creates red blood cells as the old red blood cells die off. Red cells are very important to the human body, because they carry oxygen to the body's tissue, and they also carry carbon dioxide out to the lungs where it is eliminated.

2.

SYSTEMS ARE INTER-RELATED: Explain how the skeleton cooperates with the functions of other systems.

First, The skeletal system works together with the muscular system. Skeletal muscles pull on bones. This enables bone movement. This is used in many everyday actions, including sitting, standing, running, or walking

The skeletal system also works with the circulatory system. They work together because bones contain marrow, and marrow creates blood cells. Blood cells carry oxygen, water, minerals, nutrients, and proteins throughout the body. Lastly, the skeletal system also works with the nervous system. Long bones store fat that can be used to send and receive electrical currents throughout the body.

3.

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION ARE RELATED: Using examples from the skeleton, explain how structure makes function possible.

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REVIEW – UNIT 1: FRAMEWORK BIOS 2310 – Farmer

4.

NAME _____________________________________________ NOT DUE – ANSWERS ON BLACKBOARD

Use the anatomical terms discussed in class to complete the following sentences: a.

The ulna is ____________________ to the radius.

b.

The lateral malleolus is ____________________ to the greater trochanter.

c.

The metatarsals are ____________________ to the metacarpals.

d.

The fibula is ____________________ to the tibia.

e.

The sternum is ____________________ to the thoracic vertebrae.

f.

The parietal bone is _ __________________ to the mandible.

g.

The olecranon process is ____________________ to the radial styloid process.

h.

The calcaneus is ____________________ to the phalanges of the feet.

5.

What is the name of the anatomical position when lying face up?

6.

What are the three ways cuts can intersect the body and describe how the body will be divided by each?

7.

Match the following special feature with its definition: _____1. Process

a. round enlargement at the end of a bone

_____2. Foramen

b. ridge or projection from a bone

_____3. Head

c. tunnel or hole through a bone

8.

What is the function of a process?

9.

What is the function of a foramen?

10. What is the function of a head?

11. There are (roughly) ______ (a number) of bones in the human body.

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REVIEW – UNIT 1: FRAMEWORK BIOS 2310 – Farmer

NAME _____________________________________________ NOT DUE – ANSWERS ON BLACKBOARD

12. The bones of the body are divided by location into two main groups: The ____________________ skeleton are the bones of the central part of the skeleton, whereas the bones of the limbs are bones of the ____________________ skeleton. 13. The axial skeleton includes bones from three major areas of the skeleton: The _ ___________________, the _ ___________________, and the ____________________. 14. The bones of the skull are divided into two groups: The skull bones that form a round protective covering for the brain are called the _ ___________________ bones. The skull bones that form the flat front of the skull (where the eyes, nose, and mouth are located) are called the _ ___________________ bones. 15. There are ______ (a number) of cranial bones. List all their names. For the cranial bones that come in left-right pairs, just write their name once but write (pair) after the name.

16. The ____________________ bone forms the forehead. 17. The posterior end of the frontal bone articulates with the ____________________ bones. 18. The pair of bones that form much of the superior lateral portions of the cranium are the ____________________ bones. 19. The posterior of the cranium and much of the bottom of the cranium are formed by the ____________________ bone. 20. The foramen magnum is the hole in the ___________________ bone. It allows the ___________________ to pass through the skull to connect to the brain. 21. The pair of bones that form the inferior lateral region of skull (the region where the ears are located) are the _ ___________________ bones. 22. The “cheekbone” is not itself a bone. It is made up of parts of several bones. The posterior section of the “cheekbone” is the _ ___________________ of the _ ___________________ bone. The anterior section is on the _ ___________________ bone. Its function is an attachment site for chewing muscles. 23. The “soft spots” on an infant’s skull are unossified cartilage areas called _ ___________________. They allow for ____________________during birth and, afterwards, they allow for ____________________ during early development. 24. ___________________ are zig-zag lines on the cranium formed by the joints between cranial bones.

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REVIEW – UNIT 1: FRAMEWORK BIOS 2310 – Farmer

NAME _____________________________________________ NOT DUE – ANSWERS ON BLACKBOARD

25. Identify the suture separating the following cranial bones: a.

parietal – parietal ____________________

b.

temporal – parietal ____________________

c.

occipital – parietal ____________________

d.

frontal – parietal ____________________

26. There are ______ (a number) of facial bones. List all their names. For the facial bones that come in left-right pairs, just write their name once but write (pair) after the name.

27. The nasal septum is the bony region that divides the nasal cavity into left and right halves. The flat thin bone that forms the lower part of the nasal septum is the ____________________ bone. 28. The pair of bones that form the posterior of the hard pallet (the roof of the mouth) are the ____________________ bones. 29. Each end of the ____________________ (lower jaw bone) articulates with a ____________________ (a cranial bone). 30. The “backbone” (the medial bones of the back) is really a stack of individual bones called ____________________. The entire stack of these bones is called the ____________________ or the ____________________. 31. The ring-shaped region of each vertebra is called the ____________________. 32. The spinal cord passes through the ____________________ of each vertebra, which is the hole in the middle of the vertebral arch. 33. The tunnel made by all the vertebral foremen stacked on top of each other in the spine is called the ___________________. 34. The solid round region of each vertebra is called the ____________________ of the vertebra. Its purpose is to ____________________. 35. Between neighboring vertebrae are round discs of cartilage called ____________________ which cushion the vertebrae from the body weight. 36. There are bony projections called ____________________that point outward from the vertebral arch. These serve as attachment sights for muscles. 37.

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REVIEW – UNIT 1: FRAMEWORK BIOS 2310 – Farmer

NAME _____________________________________________ NOT DUE – ANSWERS ON BLACKBOARD

The drawing below represents a vertebra. Name parts a, b, c, d, and e. a) ____________________ b) ____________________ c) ____________________ d) ____________________ e) ____________________

38. Which part (a, b, c d, or e)… a.

Has a cartilage disc on it for cushioning ______

b.

Is where the spinal cord passes through_______

c.

Is where the muscles that bend the back attach _______

d.

Articulates with the sacrum _______

39. The vertebral arch is posterior/anterior (circle one) to the body of the vertebra. 40. The vertebral arch is more superficial /deep (circle one) than the body of the vertebra. 41. Identify each numbered region of the column by listing in the numbered answer blanks the region name first and then the specific vertebrae involved (for example: sacral region, S# to S#). Also identify the specific vertebrae indicated by numbers 6 and 7. Last, select different colors for each vertebral region and use them to color the coding circles and the corresponding regions.

1. ___________________________ 2. ___________________________ 3. ___________________________ 4. ___________________________ 5. ___________________________ 6. ___________________________ 7. ___________________________

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REVIEW – UNIT 1: FRAMEWORK BIOS 2310 – Farmer

NAME _____________________________________________ NOT DUE – ANSWERS ON BLACKBOARD

42. The first cervical vertebra (C1) is called the ____________________; it articulates superiorly with the ____________________bone of the skull. 43. The second cervical vertebra (C2) is called ____________________. 44. The body of cervical/thoracic/lumbar (circle one of the three) vertebrae are the largest and thickest of the spine. 45. Each thoracic vertebra articulates with one pair of ____________________. 46. The thoracic cage is formed from three bone groups: ____________________, ____________________and ____________________. 47. The sternum is formed by the fusion of three bones: the ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________. 48. There are ____________________ (a number) pairs of ribs. The superior-most ____________________ (a number) are “true ribs” and the inferior-most ____________________ (a number) pairs are “false ribs”. The lowest ____________________ (a number) pairs of false ribs are called the “floating ribs”. 49. Anteriorly, ribs articulate with the ____________________ (a bone). Posteriorly, ribs articulate with ____________________ (a type of bone. Be as specific as possible). 50. The cartilage connection between a rib and the sternum are called its ____________________ cartilage. 51. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the limbs, and also the bones of the ____________________, which are the bony junctions between limb bones and axial bones. 52. The bones of the upper limbs are attached to the axial skeleton by the ____________________ girdle. The bones of the lower limbs are attached to the axial skeleton by the ____________________ girdle. 53. Each shoulder girdle consists of one ____________________bone and one ____________________ bone. 54. The lateral end of the clavicle articulates with the ____________________ (a process) of the ____________________bone. 55. The medial end of the clavicle articulates with the ____________________bone. 56. "Shoulder blade" is the common term for the ____________________bone. 57. Each scapula articulates distally with the ____________________bone and proximally with the ____________________bone. 58. The ____________________cavity of the scapula articulates with the humerus. 59. The arm (recall, the arm is the region from shoulder to elbow) has only one bone, the ____________________. 60. The humerus articulates proximally with the ____________________and distally with the __________________and ____________________. 61. The proximal end of the humerus is shaped like a large round knob. This rounded end is called the _______________ of the humerus. It articulates with the ____________________ (a cavity) of the ____________________bone. 62. The forearm has two bones: The ____________________and the ____________________. 63. The radius is the medial/lateral (circle one) bone of the forearm. The ulna is the medial/lateral (circle one) bone of the forearm. 64. The hand (which includes the wrist) contains three types of bones: the ____________________of the wrist, the ____________________of the palm, and the ____________________of the fingers. 6

REVIEW – UNIT 1: FRAMEWORK BIOS 2310 – Farmer

NAME _____________________________________________ NOT DUE – ANSWERS ON BLACKBOARD

65. Each finger has ____________________ (a number) of phalanges, except the thumb which has only _____________ (a number). 66. The pelvis is formed from the two ____________________bones and also the spine’s ____________________and ____________________bones. 67. The hip bones are called the ____________________Each hip bone is formed by fusion of three bones: the ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________. 68. The superior portion of each coxa bone is the ____________________. You can feel this region as the upward ridge at the side of your pelvis and is known as the ____________________ (a process). 69. The posterior and inferior region of each coxa bone is the ____________________.When you sit down, ____________________ is the region of each ishIum that touches the chair. 70. Each coxa bone has hole in it called the ____________________, which serves as a passage to allow nerves and blood vessels to connect to the thigh. 71. The thigh has only one bone, the ____________________. 72. The femur articulates proximally with the ____________________and distally with the ____________________, and ____________________. 73. The proximal end of the femur is shaped like a large round knob. This rounded end is called the _______________of the femur. It articulates with the ____________________bone. 74. The ____________________bone is the knee cap. 75. Three bones are part of the knee joint: The ____________________, the ____________________, and the ____________________. 76. The leg has two bones: The ____________________and the ____________________. 77. The tibia is the medial/lateral (circle one) bone of the leg. The fibula is the medial/lateral (circle one) bone of the leg. 78. The fibula is larger/smaller (circle one) than the tibia. 79. The fibula is/isn’t (circle one) part of the knee joint. 80. The proximal end of the fibula articulates with the ____________________. 81. If you feel the bones near the top of your ankle, you will feel a knob of bone on the medial side and a knob of bone on the lateral side. The knob on the medial side is called the ____________________. It is part of the ____________________bone. The knob on the lateral side is the ____________________. It is part of the ____________________bone. 82. The foot (which includes the ankle) contains three types of bones: The ____________________of the ankle, the ____________________of the sole, and the ____________________of the toes. 83. The heel of the foot is the ____________________ (the name of a specific tarsal). 84. The distal ends of the tibia and fibula articulate with ____________________ (the name of a specific tarsal). 85. The talus is superior/inferior (circle one) to the calcaneus. 86. Each toe has ____________________ (a number) of phalanges, except the big toes which has only ____________________ (a number).

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REVIEW – UNIT 1: FRAMEWORK BIOS 2310 – Farmer

NAME _____________________________________________ NOT DUE – ANSWERS ON BLACKBOARD

87. What bone is the only true difference between the male and female skeleton?

88. What are some of the ways that it differs?

89. Explain why some other bones may appear different between males and females.

90. List 6 functions of the skeletal system.

91. What are the two components of extracellular matrix of bone tissue?

92. What does hydroxyapatite crystals do for bones?

93. What does collagen do for bones?

94. Identify the bone shape for the following bones: a.

Carpals ____________________

h.

Ribs ____________________

b.

Pelvis ____________________

i.

Vertebrae _________________

c.

Occipital ____________________

j.

Zygomatic _________________

d.

Tarsals ____________________

k.

Patella __________________

e.

Metatarsals ____________________

l.

Phalanges ____________________

f.

Mandible __________________

m. Vomer ____________________

g.

Fibula ____________________

n.

Humerus ____________________ 8

REVIEW – UNIT 1: FRAMEWORK BIOS 2310 – Farmer

NAME _____________________________________________ NOT DUE – ANSWERS ON BLACKBOARD

95. ____________________ bone is composed of densely packed osteons. 96. ____________________ bone lacks osteons and contains open spaces. 97. Compact bone is made up of ____________________. Each osteon is made of rings called ____________________ that surround a ____________________ canal. 98. Within a lamella, osteocytes are located in ____________________ and running throughout the bone matrix are ____________________ which carry nutrients from the central canal to osteocytes. 99. List the three types of bones cells and what they do.

100.Label the features of a long bone:

101.What is the name of the outer covering of structure G above?

102.What type of marrow is located in G above?

103.What type of marrow is located in B and E above?

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REVIEW – UNIT 1: FRAMEWORK BIOS 2310 – Farmer

NAME _____________________________________________ NOT DUE – ANSWERS ON BLACKBOARD

104.A sample of bone has lamellae that are not arranged in osteons. Is the sample more likely from the epiphysis or from the diaphysis?

105.Label the features of bone matrix: osteon, osteocytes, lacuna, canaliculi, matrix, central canal, lamella

106.Why is calcium homeostasis important?

107.Identify which endocrine gland and hormone are responsible for: a.

increasing Ca2+ levels ___________________

b.

decreasing Ca2+ levels ____________________

108. Explain how PTH affects: a.

Bones

b.

Kidneys

c.

Intestines

109.Explain how calcitonin affects: a.

Bones

b.

Kidneys

c.

Intestines 10

REVIEW – UNIT 1: FRAMEWORK BIOS 2310 – Farmer

NAME _____________________________________________ NOT DUE – ANSWERS ON BLACKBOARD

110.Match the type of bone fracture with its description: _____ 1. Closed fracture

a. partial fracture on one side due to the bone bending

_____ 2. Open fracture

b. bone pieces remain inside skin

_____ 3. Spiral fracture

c. bone breaks into several pieces

_____ 4. Greenstick fracture

d. bone pieces pierce through the skin

_____ 5. Comminuted fracture

e. ragged break due to excessive twisting

111.Place the following steps of a bone fracture repair in order: _____ Remodeling of hard callus is replaced by compact bone _____ Hematoma forms at site of fracture _____ Hard (bony) callus forms _____ Soft (fibrocartilaginous) callus forms

112.An ____________________ is any site where two bones meet. This is also called a ____________________. 113.Based on the type of tissue between the bones, the three types of joints are ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________. 114.For ____________________ joints, the bones are joined by fibrous connectiv...