Notes for BPM107 PDF

Preview

Summary

Lecture 1Information Technology (IT)? Managing Digital Information  Processing Digital Information  Analysing Digital Information Use of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve transmit and manipulate dataCommon IT Systems are:1) Management Information System Computerized ...

Description

Lecture 1 Information Technology (IT) ?   

Managing Digital Information Processing Digital Information Analysing Digital Information

 Use of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve transmit and manipulate data Common IT Systems are: 1) Management Information System    

Computerized database of information (Usually financial) organized and programmed in a way that it generates regular reports on operations Used to analyse and facilitate strategic and operational activities Providing feedback to the management about how the company function Based on the past record and other record to come out with a planned data. Use the plan data to compare with the existing record to see if it is achieved.

2) Database Management System (DBMS)  

Software that handles storage, archival, retrieval and updating of data in servers and computer systems Primarily for creating and managing databases

3) Enterprise Resource Planning System (ERP)   

Integrated software system (ERP generally refers to the process by which a company manages and integrates parts of the business) ERP management information system usually integrates areas such as planning, purchasing, inventory, sales, marketing, purchasing, payroll etc. ERP -> can be used to manage procurement activities (can be integrated to an automated system)

Document Information System (EDMS)

 A type of Database Management System (DBMS)  Focus mainly on managing emails, letters, contract documents, specification, drawings etc.  Usually do not have analysis and reporting function  Mainly for storing and keeping tracks of documents movement and versions.  Use software to manage document that allow easy identification and tracking of documents  E.g. Newforma or Econet Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)    

Use of identification (ID) objects or ‘Tags’ to keep track of items, products, movements. Eg. Barcode, QR code, ID Chip, etc Allow wireless and real time tracking Usually tied to other IT systems that will allow the analysis reporting and presenting of the information

Building Information Modeling (BIM)  Digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility  Defined as creation and use of geometrically coordinated 3D ‘objects’, enhanced by Associated Computable Data, to describe a building project  Shared knowledge resource of information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life-cycle.  New approach being able to describe and display the information required for the design, construction, and operation of constructed facilities

2 types of data: 1. Graphical data 2. Non-graphical Data  Open BIM Concept – Transfer/movement of information from 1 BIM software to another BIM software Traditional Workflow: Plans - > Sections - > Elevations -> Model (3D Visualisation) BIM Workflow: Model (3D Visualisation) -> Plans -> Sections -> Elevations  Bi-directionally, what reflected in 2D can be reflected in 3D or vice versa.

Advantages of BIM: 1. Holistic design and construction 2. Better decision making 3. Increased productivity 4. Better Visualisation 5. Enhanced cost certainty 6. Faster cost estimates and measurements 7. Eliminate Mis-interpretation of content 8. Enhance communication 9. Reduce wastage 10. Increase productivity 11. Efficiency in Economy 12. Expand Business Opportunities Other Advantages:  Visualising models (architectural, C&S, MEP)  Generating floor plans and sections from model  BIM can be used to demonstrate the entire building life cycle, including the processes of construction and facility operation  Represents an innovative method to bridge communication among different engineering groups within the construction industries.  Can cover geometry, spatial relationships, light analysis, geographic information, quantities and properties of building components.  With BIM, Architects and engineers can efficiently generate and exchange information, create digital representations over different stages in the building process and simulate real-world performance before actual construction commence.  Quantities and shared properties of materials can be extracted easily  Scopes of work can be isolated and defined  Systems, assemblies and sequences can be shown in a relative scale with the entire facility or group of facilities Disadvantages of BIM:     

Creating content for the 1st time is tedious and intricate Need to manage more data High investment and setup cost Lack of domain expertise Require knowledge in software (eg. Scripting, programming)

Challenges in Implementing BIM:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Technical issues Organisational issues Process issues Policy issues Market issues

 Organisation Initial start-up costs  Capital investment of hardware and software  Training/re-training  Productivity downtime  Workspace modification  Organisation long-term strategic outlay costs  Developing in-house standards and processes  Additional headcount on payroll (BIM manager, BIM coordinator, IT support)  Customisations and innovations  Monitoring and measuring Returns on Investments (if possible)  Other Organisational challenges  Top manager not BIM experts  Buy-in by senior workforce  Lack of standards and libraries  Professional liability issues  Project Specific Costs  Project adaptations  Disruptions in the building delivery workflow  Team process changes  Accommodating model requirements  Deadlines of deliverables uncompromised

Lecture 2 Fundamentals of Modeling 1. Conceptual Modeling  For conceptual planning, massing etc  Design subject to rounds of iterations and major changes

 Little or no information in the massing models 2. Design Modeling  For architects and designers to establish ‘design intent’  Emphasis on Visualisation and communication of design rather than accuracy  For presentation to clients, rendering of flythrough etc 3. Construction Modeling  Accuracy is Critical – Intended for utilization in construction and fabrication  Can be used to generate shop drawings  (In Singapore) Usually done by Main con, consultant architect’s models do not have such accuracy 4. Documentation Modeling    

3D Model developed for the purpose of 2D documentation 3D model developed for submissions (BCA/URA etc) Model should be accurate – Element sizes, geometry and project coordinates Can be used for coordination between consultants

5. Coordination Modeling  Activity/process based upon previously created models  For use in: Clash detection, data extraction, simulation, program check, quantity take-off etc  To import into other software (Navisworks, Solibri, CostX etc)

Design Model Wall modelled as a single element Column modelled as a single element Slabs cut-off at wall No proper jointing details Modelled according to how architects perceive ‘design’ to be

Construction Model Wall modelled by floor level/As Built Column modelled by floor level/As Built Slabs support walls Accurate dimensions Modelled according to how building is intended to be constructed

Interoperability  Concept of interoperability  IFC: common file format operable by most BIM software (e.g. Revit, Tekla)

 The ability of two separate systems or software programs to communicate and exchange data with each other and to use the information that has been exchanged  The capability of different programs to exchange data via a common set of procedures, and to read and write the same file formats and use the same protocols  Examples: (Autodesk Revit Structures – documentation, CSI Etabs - design & analysis)  Transfer of information from 1 software to another software. Like a translation of information. Converting of ArchiCAD to revit file with a data loss of 5% minimum

Integration  The act of forming, coordinating or blending into a functioning or unified whole  Allows data from one software to be read or manipulated by another, resulting in ease of use  Example: (Tekla Xsteel 10.0 – Fabrication drawings, REI’s Staad Pro – Design & analysis)  By taking 1 Revit file to be linked with another revit file. (No change in format of data)

Application of BIM / BIM Dimensions 3D Concept  Structural analysis  Clash detection – Virtual coordination (Put 2 BIM model together and see if there is any clash), *Real world cannot put 1 beam and 1 column together*  For example, aircon duct cannot penetrate through column. Clash detection will be used to detect and shift the aircon duct.  Soft clash: To program a buffer zone like if anything less than 500 gap, will prompt as a soft clash.  4D Clash: See which one come first (e.g. build wall first before foundation) – For Sequencing purposes  Visualisation Analysis – walkthrough (To see how the space look like), Real Time Rendering/Presentation more on the design aspects (Virtual Reality) 4D Concept  Scheduling Analysis – Come out with a timeline (How the project should progress)  Sequencing of beam construction or to put a timeline – For better understanding of how the building should build  Can be used as a Visual Payment Validation (To see and know what is being used and how it is constructed)  Simulations

5D Concept  Quantity Take-Off  Using BIM content to use cost estimate (Costing/Payment)  Need to know how much resources/materials the project needs. (Using QTO software with BIM to calculate the cost of the building  To extract information. Softwares like Autodesk, CostX (Popular), Vico Software, CostOS Estimating  Challenge is to put BIM in the center and allow QS to conduct costing real time and life when MEP (Engineers), C&S (Consultants, Architect doing their design and calculation)  Value Engineering (Quantity extractions, Visualisation) 6D Concept     

Energy Model Analysis Daylight study – Know which area will be expose to more sunlight by using BIM To know if building is carbon zero building Validate energy Consumption/Optimisation of the building Energy Validation (Green building etc.)

7D Concept    

BIM for Facilities Management Have the software to highlight to you when is the time to do a maintenance check. Prompt you 1 year from now to organize a work order to replace light tubes after 1 year BIM Maintenance plans and technical support

BIM Structural Analysis (3D)  Can exploit the availability of BIM-Model to provide the analytical framework for analysis to the building’s structural properties  Some structural analysis programs can further perform finite element method (FEM) to measure the stresses on all structural elements of the design  Original structural analytical model property data must contain sufficient information about the structural elements for analysis Clash Detection (3D)  To check for interferences between designs of one or several models  Conducted effectively to reduce variation orders during construction

 Must perform clash detection analyses throughout the building project process so that BIM-Model quality can be developed and maintained over the entire project life-cycle  To reduce risk of human error during model inspections  Linking clash detective and Object Animation together gives you the ability to automatically check interferences between moving objects Type of Clashes:  Hard Clash: Conflicts of elements in 3D space if such a conflict is temporal in that it occurs for only a certain phase of project, it is termed a ‘soft’ clash. This kind of clash occurs when two objects are taking up the same space. Duplicates are hard clashes  Soft Clash/Clearance clash: Instances of not meeting set clearances between pairs of objects. Objects needs more positive spatial/geometric tolerances, spaces and buffers within their buffer zone for better accessibility, insulation, maintenance and safety.  4D/Workflow clash: Ability of BIM to resolve scheduling clashes for work crews, equipment/materials fabrication and delivery clashes and other project timeline issues Visualisation Analysis (3D)  Refers to animations, walk-through, static 3D renderings, 3D & 4D physical models exported directly from BIM software. For visual checks  Provides quality design visualisations that illustrate building spaces, their use  Visualisation tools allow project team to view the design or construction project in 3D, giving a more accurate perspective of the end product. Scheduling Analysis (4D)  Show the project execution plan.  Analyse timeline and sequence for construction and space requirements at a project site  Provides better understanding of the phasing schedule and showing the critical path of the project Quantity Take-Off (5D)    

Different types/level of information at different stages of the project Less information during conceptual design stage At early stages, can be used to estimate project development cost At construction stage, can be used to manage sub-contractors bidding or projectprogress claims  BIM delivers faster quantities, with the potential of greater accuracy  Concept of bi-directional links between quantities and model elements  Allows users to measure from drawings

 Enables user to generate quantities from BIM and prepare estimates and bills of quantities  Additional features such as model mapping, model comparison for revisions Energy Model Analysis (6D)  Can use BIM software to develop comparative energy analysis  Variables such as orientation, massing, form, wall construction, natural ventilation, area of glass, daylighting and other factors used to influence decision making for a project  Generally carried out in early stage of project lifecycle and subject to validation over other development stages to ensure early design conditions are achievable  Modelling parameters must always use local climate data and actual site conditions  Used to access building performance and sustainability over time and reducing “Carbon Footprint”  Examples: Solar Radiation and Thermal Study, Wind Load and Air-movement Analysis, Day Lighting and Shadow Casting Study, Smoke and Fire Movement, Sound/Acoustic Analysis Daylighting:  Amount of light entering the building from the sky-dome or reflected off the external environment  Can reduce the need for artificial lighting, which reduces overall energy use  Daylighting systems have to be carefully designed to reduce glare from the sun  Too much sunlight can cause internal temperatures to rise which increases cooling load

Lecture 3 Challenges & Opportunities Typical Project Life-Cycle  The construction cycle and building delivery process is probably one cycle that requires the most coordination among the entire project member  This interfacing requires more effort during the design development stage, when the “Design Cycle” information is developed by different consultants  For instance, structural design component was completed by one organization while Building Services Design details are done with another company. It gets even more complex if there are sub-trades consultants involved in the Design Works  Even with BIM, this complexity is not eliminated but will be significantly reduced. Ideal Situation

 Building projects information should be managed from a centralized repository, where information can be generated and synchronized regardless if it is a set of drawings or specific items quantities.  This centralized repository is fully shareable among all project members and respective information is kept current by the relevant members  In this ideal situation, the following streamlined communication structure will reduce significant overheads for all parties at any stage of the building project lifecycle.  When technology and social aspects converge in a new paradigm, the building delivery process and the project lifecycle will eventually be delivered in a highly productive, efficient and environmentally sustainable platform  Until then, we will have to learn to manage the challenges and opportunities for our projects. Industry still using hybrid methodologies. Productivity Comparison among industries  Construction is probably one of the oldest trades. Since the early days of mankind, human beings have been building houses. Yet when we compare the productivity against other industries such as manufacturing, the Construction industry do not see much automation on a larger scale (Construction industry is slow to adopt automation technologies)  Today it can take as fast as 1 day to manufacture a car with predictable labor and resources, but construction industry has been a lot less effective in this area. The reason behind this may require us to change our mindsets and the way we perceive building processes. In Construction: You cannot find 2 or more identical projects with the same conditions and the problems to establish such baseline. In Manufacturing: For instance, the manufacturing of hard-drives, the sequence, process and the conditions to producing these hard-drives are consistent. One can therefore, automate the manufacturing process, review and benchmark measurements to represent and compare how productive one method on production is to another. Some Reasons: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Poor or incomplete design and documentation Client scope/requirements change during construction Mistakes during construction Delays in decision making or instructions Poor communication and information dissemination Poor planning and scheduling Weather Labour skills, availability or disputes Incorrect materials types or quantity

Business Process Re-Engineering  BIM can support a wide spectrum for the Construction life-cycle, and to be successful with this implementation, it will require progressive development. NOT practical to expect BIM implementation to be successful in a 3-month timeframe.  It does not need to affect the entire construction process immediately on a large-scale basis but has to be systematic. Learn the type of applications that are available with BIM and prioritize realistically.  Observe the inefficiencies with your current process and re-engineer them to maximise your productivity. Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Construction Platform  Building and construction projects contributed significantly to the carbon footprint. It is important to ensure our constructions are environmentally friendly and sustainable in the long term.  Need to be aware of avenues in recycling materials and to cut back on cast in-situ, and how BIM can help calculate these indexes to evaluate our performance  We also need to be aware of the legislative requirements such the Buildability and Constructability Scoring for all construction projects. BIM can contribute in many ways, including helping to tabulate these indexes for regulatory submission Limited Skilled Resources  We rely heavily on foreign resources to meet our demands for drafting and modeling today. There are several adverse impacts, such as contributing to low productivity situations

 Another issue lies with our education system – there exists a gap between the acquired skills level and the required/desired skills level, to meet the demand for BIM. Regardless if there are intended to model projects or to support BIM implementation.  Moreover, there must be some fundamental knowledge on engineering and construction domains in order to be successful in using BIM. Thus, structuring a curriculum here can be a challenge in itself as one could be trying to combine multiple engineering skills into one.  Construction industry is still largely cost driven (tender prices, consultancy fees, salaries etc)  Many organisations do not peg a reasonable salary for the right candidate in this role or may not understand the complexity. This can be due to lack of appreciation on the results BIM can contribute back tot the company, both directly and indirectly.  For instance, the BIM modeler building a project may take the same amount of time to develop the initial model as compared with conventional 2D CAD softwa...