Notes -ICJ 310 - Grade: A PDF

Title Notes -ICJ 310 - Grade: A
Course Foundations Of Scholarship In International Criminal Justice
Institution John Jay College of Criminal Justice
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Summary

This course aims to provide a set of skills that are essential to conducting and disseminating empirical research. The skills include conducting and writing a focused literature review; understanding the mechanics of research (finding a creative idea, asking the right research questions, utilizing a...


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TOPIC FOR FINAL PAPER: “The femicidal components of MS-13 in Honduras” Instructions for late assignments: Respond to the prompt in a minimum of 500 words. Week 3-Conceptualization and Movement Drawing from your own research proposal, think about some of the concepts in your proposed study (i.e.: human trafficking, terrorism, extremist violence, illegal poaching, genocide, etc.). How are you defining these concepts and why? How are you proposing to measure them? For example, if you are interested in studying terrorism, how do you know it is happening (events, actors, targets, etc.)? If you are using variables in your research proposal, identify your dependent and independent variables. Think about challenges (measurement, validity, reliability, etc.) you may encounter with your own research proposals, what are they?

Since my research proposal consists of the observations of “The femicidal components of MS-13 in Honduras” I first begin by defining the concept of femicide. Similar to the word homicide, it indicates that an intentional harm to the life of someone has resulted in death, but considering the the word female in the beginning of the word, that identifies of this act has specifically been performed on a female simply because of her judgment. Research shows that measuring femicide is not easy, Since the countries where it occurs the most don't often document or report crimes against females. More commonly, This act of crime is not exclusive but quite popular in developing countries. Therefore, most laws and developing countries are not interested in the well-being of all their citizens, but simply the ones who can afford to participate in the selection of the law. Therefore, measuring the frequency of femicide in a country alone, such as Honduras Is difficult because the law enforcement isn't prepared we're willing to cooperate with the families reporting the crimes against their daughters, wives, sisters, and mothers. Additionally, the criminal group MS-13 have been popularly known for selecting women as their targeted victims. Many of them have been found raped, discarded, and even dismembered. Any documentation and reporting of These crimes are often neglected and left unsolved. Since this is such a large issue in Honduras, and reports are left uninvestigated and provide no closure for the families. Honduras has become a dangerous For women to live in. The worst part is, it's not just women who are targeted, underage girls are also considered victims under the circumstances. This has created a culture in the way families protect their daughters, by prohibiting them from being out late at night, and prohibiting them from being out alone in general. This limits the capabilities of a woman, or of a growing girl, because it deprives her from any sense of control, and dependency, and decisiveness in life. Even if they manage to make it into adulthood, the active cruel behaviors towards women limit them from successfully educating themselves, and creating their own livelihood. This categorizes them often as Homemakers, wives, and mothers. The Independent value can be categorized as not affected by another, whereas a dependent variable considers that one is causing the effect of another. In this instance, The ICJ 310: Professor Gutierrez

dependent variable can be considered as a criminal activity and acts of feminine side from MS 13. The independent value can be categorized as the lack of cooperation and training on the law enforcement end. While the law-enforcement is not directly responsible for the active crimes against women, their incompetence and under performance enables the criminal activity to continue against women. However, MS 13 alone is not responsible for femicide. Their own behaviors are encouraged and enabled by the Honduran community and subculture. A lot of machismo behavior exists in this region, and is escalated through violent acts against women. Commonly, this can exist in the form of domestic abuse, but it can escalate to form violence against estranged women who have no Direct relationship with the perpetrator. When conducting my research proposal, selecting the specific region such as the country of Honduras, and a specific crime that will be observed, such as feminine side, in collaboration with the behaviors and qualities of MS 13 will all require extensive research in order to answer the final paper. Therefore, the research proposal requires that I identify the real components that are often under-reported, and ignored by the major population of Honduras. Comprehending the community, and the normalization of these crimes will also be essential to answering potential solutions for this problem. When conducting this research, challenges with measurements will be built in accurate reporting of crime against women. As I mentioned earlier, plenty of them go on to be reported and ignored. There are cases where the women are left so disfigured, and in terrible conditions, some even decomposing to the point of no recognition. These are known as Jane Does, therefore they have no actual marked tomb for their burial, and their families are not contacted to inform them on the whereabouts of their family member. Limitation described by the local officers is the lack of technology and advanced DNA identifiers in their system. The local officers believe that if they had technology that could accurately identify a perpetrator when observing the carcass of a victim, and probably reading the crime scene, they could have more successful closed cases. Week 4-Sampling and Generalizability (500 words) Drawing from your own research proposal, what sampling method would be best for you to use in your proposal, non probability or probability? Within these, which specific sampling technique do you think will aid you in accessing your sample (the actual participants in your study)? Describe why you chose this method? What is the population you are interested in studying? What are the demographics of the sample you wish to study? Where in the world are your participants? Be sure that your selections are logical and feasible. In my opinion, a probability method of sampling will be closely accurate and more reliable when constructing this research proposal. Because most of the crimes against women are not all reported, or solved, requesting the sampling method for non-probability of a woman in Honduras experiencing feminine side is not very likely to be accurate. Since this issue requires me to search the alternative, and look into the probability of women in Honduras experiencing feminine side, sampling techniques will have to be elevated to investigate lawenforcement, and detectives who have been assigned to investigate these cases. By requesting access to the archives, and reviewing the data they have been responsible for administering

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into their personal system will be the next step to conclude a close to accurate sampling method. I can see myself conducting an evaluation research to process that has already been collected by the local law enforcement. It will be my job to evaluate the research question and compare it to the law enforcement’s documentation to prevent any confusion Or misinterpretation of the data. Additionally, I will need to understand how sampling is different from a population. This prohibits me from observing all of the documented cases, but instead “selecting a sample” The documented cases and processing them according to the research I have already collected. It will be my responsibility to contain documents interested in me and a safe and secure place to prohibit any tampering. Lastly, by mapping out the regions of Honduras that are most populated, and the least populated regions, it would be my responsibility to consider how the machismo culture has impacted the levels of femicide in these regions. Since my research is considered an empirical Association, I would need to develop an association between the subculture and normalization of MS 13 Honduras, and the impact it has on the female population of Honduras. In my research, I will not actually be interviewing any participants in my study, but instead I will be choosing a method to simply review the information provided to me by the local law enforcement, whether it be an accurate depiction of the ongoing terrors of feminine side or not. This observation will limit any external challenges such as seeking a translator to document interviews with citizens, or having to seek wireless Fidelity access in a rural region. Instead, because I will be using local documents from prescients Will have no need to travel around and adjust to my unfamiliarity to the region. Additionally, the demographics of the sample that I plan on studying will not be exclusive to specific communities or specific class levels. Instead, I will collectively take the documentation provided to me by local law-enforcement and analyze those carefully, so that I understand what the probability of solving a case regarding femicide is in Honduras. Having a sample of data will create a better depiction of what crime solving skills work and don’t work when it comes to dealing with feminine side. It is also important that my team and I revise the documents for any mentions of suspects, or of MS 13 members. Suspects such as male, or gang members give me a better understanding of who could potentially be the criminal. However, this does not give me a direct result on who is actually responsible for the death of the woman that is listed in the document. ___________________________________________________________________________

Week 5-Qualitative Methods: Observing, Participating, Listening & Unobtrusive Measures (1000 words min) By now, you should be well underway into working on your research proposal. Create a literature review (working draft) based on your research proposal. In it, create 3 subtopics that you think best breakdown your paper. You must include cover and reference pages. For example, your research question is: Has MS-13 Influenced the Migration of Children from El Salvador?

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A few subtopics for your literature review may include: ● What is MS-13 ● What Is MS-13 doing in El Salvador that are causing children to flee ● Who are the unaccompanied minors fleeing to the United States? Note: This a suggestion to show you how relevant your subtopics should be to your research question. Each paper will vary depending on the topic and your overall research question.

“The femicidal components of MS-13 in Honduras” Isabella Love Sociology Department, CUNY John Jay Word count: X Xday, July X, 2021

Subtopic 1: Normalized Machismo Behavior In Honduras (Howland et al.) Discusses the gender mainstream that impacts national developmental goals for the overall community. In great detail, it is discussed how barriers in genders prohibit further developments in agriculture, climate change, food security, nutritional policies, and educational policies that are not successfully followed through or enforced. This article discusses the main barriers that cause gender any quality and why there is a poor integration in governmental policies towards these concerns. It discusses a methodology based on policy mix, policy integration and policy translation. The collective data of this article narrows down the barriers and challenges for different genders. The female gender in particular edures challenges such as limited education and working opportunities, and cultural expectations requiring them to serve as domestic homemakers. The community itself limits any form of growth to be expected from the female gender. (A Le?n Padilla H 1–40) Shares the difficulties in a community where machismo behavior is enabled and left unbothered by the local law-enforcement. The author explains decades of normalized behavior between the female gender and male gender. Specific stereotypes have fallen upon The overall Honduran community that does not differ from their surrounding neighbors states. Typically a woman is expected to serve her husband, her home, and bear children. The man on the other hand is expected to be the breadwinner, and stabilize the family's image among the community. This lifestyle is seen as normal on many occasions, but specific rules and expectations that fall inside a home aren’t necessarily over discussion, but instead left for the man to decide how to carry out his intentions and expectations in his home. This can look like domestic violence, sexual abuse, mental abuse, verbal abuse, and even childabuse. It is not common for authorities to interfere and apply their jurisdiction inside a family's home. Additionally, the author describes specific difficulties within the country that make poverty, and hunger some of the most pressing issues that citizens face. This book originates from a university located in the capital of Honduras. (Dixon et al.) This peer review article discusses the heterogeneity of domestic violence men, and the phenomenon of machismo surrounding men, and what leads them to commit forms of

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elevated domestic violence, in this case, femicide. Since the study was directed in the form of a multi dimensional approach, the researchers expected to classify a system of men who were already incarcerated for the murder other female partner by using the Holtzworth-Monroe and Stuart Typology of 1994. This allowed a study of 90 men from England responsible for the death of their partners. Wow this research did not take place in Honduras, the framework classified three sub groups of men categorized in this sample of 90 men. It was found at a low criminality and low psychopathology made up 15% of the group, in moderate high criminality and high psychopathology meetup 36% of the group, A high criminality and low moderate psychopathology made 49% of the group, this indicated that general violent and antisocial behaviors along with dysphoric and borderline offenders, the right mixture can lead to the inappropriate mentality of a violent man who is capable of harming a female resulting in her death.

Subtopic 2: Gang Related Activity in Honduras (Gershon, 2018) La Mara Salvatrucha is popularly known as MS-13 For dismembering their victims into 13 pieces. Amongst their own members, their forms of discipline consist of beating each other up for 13 seconds in order to develop clear expectations on the gang culture. They’re a successful group of organized criminals and our able to sell and trade drugs, extort wealthy figures for money, and offer hitman for hire services. (VICE News) The gangs such as MS-13 and Barrio 18 originated in the 80’s in Los Angeles, California. Their original purpose was to create a group of patroless to protect the Salvadoran immigrant community. It was composed of young immigrant men to protect Slvadorians from other local gangs while still ensuring some sense of control in their new home. These groups were incarcerated and deported back to their home country. At the levels in which they had formed not all gang members were Salvadorian. Some were Houndran who had also intertwined ideas and man power for the same motives. Once making it back to their home country as a deportee and not as a detained criminal, they were able to resume back to their normal life and brought a new mindset, culture and behaviorism with them. This allowed MS-13 in Central America to expand and recruit more members. (Vox, 2018) This video explains the original reason for Salvadoran to flee their country and end up on U.S soil in the first place. The video categorizes the US-backed war against Salvadoran rebels in the 1980’s as a motive for plenty of immigrants to flee the country and seek opportunities in the US. Then it brings up present MS-13 gang members in the U.S and debunks largely broadcasted media images, opinions and broadcasting. Subtopic 3: Lack of government cooperation in Honduras

(Welsh, 2020) Large cities such as Tegucigalpa and San Pedro Sula are facing a crisis of the worst kind, an internal group activity working against Houndrian citizens. As of 2018, the poverty rate is 48.3%, a devastating number that is only expected to increase if more isn’t done to stop the violence in Honduras. Individual groups such as The Association For a More Just Society (AJS), The Skate Brothers, and Looking Ahead have all independently filled in gaps in the Houndrian community where the government has failed to intervene. These programs are designed to counselling services, community support programs and educational programs to deter the youth from falling into the grasps of gang members looking to recruit. ICJ 310: Professor Gutierrez

(BBC News Mundo, 2014) This article explains the horrific story of a pageant queen and the tragedy that ended her life. Shortly after winning the title of Miss Honduras in 2014, she and her sister were killed by her sister’s boyfriend who was an alleged gang member. It took local police five days to find their bodies in Cablotales. Many citizens in the community feel that the protection for women in Houndrasis overlooked, underporitized and undermined when it comes to independent machismo behavior or gang related activities. (Channel 4 News, 2015) This broadcasting explains that while some victims of femicide are pageant queens, others are simple hometown girls who never get justice for their deaths. Poverty is a serious issue in Honduras which drives the women to seek long hours of work in order to make ends meet, which still puts them in potential danger if they’re unaccompanied and vulnerable. The combination of poverty, drug trafficking, gang-relate crimes, and machismo have made Honduras an unsafe place to be a woman. Femicide is very common and it is expected that approximately 500 women die because of it; this is a ballpark number to the Jane Does and un-reported missing persons. Although military personnel have begun to patrol communities in collaboration with local law enforcement, only 3% of crimes are solved annually.

Works Cited A LeEn Padilla H. El Machismo En Honduras. Tegucigalpa, Honduras, Universidad Nacional AutEnoma De Honduras, Editorial Universitaria, 1981, pp. 1–40. BBC News Mundo. “¿Quién Era María José Alvarado, La Miss Honduras Asesinada?” BBC News Mundo, 19 Nov. 2014, www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2014/11/141119_honduras_quien_era_miss_asesinada_lv. Accessed 23 July 2021. Dixon, Louise, et al. “Classifying Partner Femicide.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence, vol. 23, no. 1, Jan. 2008, pp. 74–93, journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0886260507307652, 10.1177/0886260507307652. Accessed 5 May 2021.

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Gershon, Livia. “What Is MS-13, Anyway?” JSTOR Daily, 25 July 2018, daily.jstor.org/what-is-ms-13-anyway/. Accessed 2013. Howland, Fanny, et al. “Examining the Barriers to Gender Integration in Agriculture, Climate Change, Food Security, and Nutrition Policies: Guatemalan and Honduran Perspectives.” Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, vol. 5, no. 2571-581X, 30 Apr. 2021, 10.3389/fsufs.2021.664253. Accessed 23 July 2021. McFadden, Evin W. “Taking Care of Home: An Investigation into the Developmental Implications of the Rise of Female Participation in University Education and Male Emigration in Tegucigalpa, Honduras - ProQuest.” Www.proquest.com, 2009, www.proquest.com/docview/305148495/abstract. Accessed 23 July 2021. News, Channel 4. “Inside Honduras: Where Women Are Murdered for $60.” YouTube, 3 Feb. 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIXcu3GwY8Y. Son, Seung Jin. “Making a Pentecostal Man: Machismo and the Moral Discourse of Prosperity Gospel in Honduras.” PentecoStudies: An Interdisciplinary Journal for Research on the Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements, vol. 15, no. 2, 25 July 2016, pp. 129–149, 10.1558/ptcs.v15i2.31415. Accessed 13 Jan. 2020. VICE News. “How Gangs Control Honduras.” Www.youtube.com, 2020, www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mi0YGnIEAQ. Accessed 23 July 2021. Vonderlack-Navarro, Rebecca. “Targeting Women versus Addressing Gender in Microcredit: Lessons from Honduras.” Affilia, vol. 25, no. 2, 29 Apr. 2010, pp. 123–134, 10.1177/0886109910364356. Accessed 2 July 2020. Vo...


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