NSM 1400 CH-2 Notes - Based on the Pearson Earth Science 15th edition textbook, this is a detailed PDF

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Based on the Pearson Earth Science 15th edition textbook, this is a detailed textbook outline of chapter 2 with notes and critical thinking questions designed in a study guide format.  It is in APA format, double spaced, times new roman, 12 point font, headings and subheadings for clarity....

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Earth and Space Science Chapter 2 Notes

Earth and Space Science Chapter 2 Notes I.

Minerals A. Mineralogy- study of minerals. B. Note: Minerals make up rocks. C. Mineral- natural inorganic solid that has a crystalline structure and that has a chemical composition that may have variations. D. Characteristics of Minerals: 1. Naturally occurring- minerals that are formed by natural occurring processes. 2. Inorganic- crystalline solids, such as table salt. Does not contain carbon. 3. Solid- must be solid and crystalline in order to be considered a mineral 4. Crystalline structure- minerals contain atoms that have an orderly structure. 5. Chemical composition with some variations E. Examples of minerals- table salt, ice, quartz, F. Rock- a natural mineral-like matter solid G. Critical Thinking Question: What is the difference between a rock and a mineral? 1. Rocks usually contain more than one minerals

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Atoms A. Atoms- smallest particle that makes up matter and cannot be split up chemically any further. B. Within an atom there are protons, neutrons, and electrons.

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Earth and Space Science Chapter 2 Notes

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C. Nucleus- center of atoms that contains the positive charges and most of its mass D. Protons- positive charge E. Neutrons- neutral charge F. Electron- negative charge G. Note: Protons and Neutrons have an almost identical mass. H. Note: Because protons and electrons are opposites, they cancel eachother out if they are paired together. I. Valence electrons- they are usually part of the bonding process and are located on the outer shell of the nucleus. J. Atomic number- the number of protons that are present in the nucleus of an atom which makes up an element. K. Periodic table- chart that scientists use to organize the elements L. Chemical Compounds- when elements join together M. Critical Thinking Question: Would minerals be considered Chemical Compounds? 1. Yes, because most minerals have atoms that contain 2 or more elements. N. Note: Some minerals can be made out of atoms that only have one element 1. Ex: diamonds, gold, sulfur, copper. III.

Atoms & Bonds A. Some atoms bond to make the electrical charges more stable by lowering the total energy. B. Octet Rule- atoms will gain, lose, or share electrons up until they are surrounded with 8 valence electrons.

Earth and Space Science Chapter 2 Notes C. Critical Thinking Question: What happens when an atom’s outer shell doesn’t have eight electrons? 1. It will most likely chemically bond with other atoms until it reaches 8 valence electrons in its outer shell. D. Chemical bond- when atoms transfer/share electrons in order to obtain an outer shell with eight valence electrons. E. Ionic bond- when elements transfer valence electrons F. Ion- positive or negative charged atoms. A positive ion loses electrons and a negative ion gains electrons. G. Covalent bond- when atoms share electrons H. Metallic bond- electron sharing which causes electrons to move freely from one atom to another. IV.

Properties of Minerals A. Diagnostic properties- uses taste, feel, crystal shape, and streak to identify an unknown mineral B. Ambiguous properties- uses color to identify an unknown mineral C. Critical Thinking Question: Why is an ambiguous property not considered a diagnostic property? 1. It varies among the different types of a mineral. D. Luster- appearance and quality of light that is reflected from a mineral’s surface. E. Critical Thinking Question: Why is color not a diagnostic property? 1. Some minerals have different color variations. F. Streak- the color of a mineral in its powdered form

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Earth and Space Science Chapter 2 Notes G. Note: metallic minerals usually have a dark streak, while non metallic minerals usually have a light streak. H. Hardness- measures a mineral's resistance to deform and scratching. I. Cleavage- a mineral that breaks along areas of weak bonding. J. Fracture- minerals that contain chemical bonds with equal strength in all directions. K. Tenacity- describes a mineral’s resilience to stress. L. Specific gravity- measures mineral’s density V.

Mineral Groups A. Rock-forming minerals- minerals that make up most of Earth’s rocks. B. Economic minerals- minerals that are used for manufacture of products that are profitable. C. Eight elements that make up most of the rock-forming minerals 1. Oxygen 2. Silicon 3. Aluminum 4. Iron 5. Calcium 6. Sodium 7. Potassium 8. Magnesium D. Note: Oxygen and Silicon are the most common elements found on Earth’s crust. E. Silicates: The most common mineral group.

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Earth and Space Science Chapter 2 Notes F. Non Silicates: less common mineral group. G. Note: Every silicate mineral has oxygen and silicon atoms: the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron. H. Note: The environment during the crystallization process and the chemical composition of a molten rock determines the production of certain minerals. I. Note: every single silicate mineral has a structure and chemical composition that tells us the conditions of its formation. J. Light silicate minerals- light in color and less dense. K. Dark silicate minerals- their structure has iron/magnesium ions and dark in color L. Non silicate minerals can be important for the economy. VI.

Minerals- non renewable. A. Categories of natural resources: 1. If they are renewable ( can be replenished)/non renewable (cannot be replenished). 2. Origin or type B. Ore deposit- one or more metallic minerals that are extracted for economical purposes. C. A deposit may be profitable or non profitable depending on its concentration and demand for that metal.

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