One-Dimensional vs Multidimensional Models PDF

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One-Dimensional vs Multidimensional Models, Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology, Diathesis-Stress Model, Diathesis-Stress Model and Epigenetics vs Nongenomic...

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A. One-Dimensional vs Multidimensional Models ● One-Dimensional - Attempts to trace the origins of behavior to a single cause. ● Multidimensional - Psychopathology can be caused by multiple influences of multi factors. Such influences are biological, behavioral, social, emotional, and cognitive B. Influence a. Behavioral Influence - This explains that a certain abnormality can be developed because of a learned response that is being elicited by a certain stimulus which is also a contributing factor with/to other influences. b. Biological Influence - In this viewpoint, factors such as biological dysfunctions, genetic vulnerabilities, chemical imbalances, brain dysfunctions, and temperament (body fluid) interact with the other influence (ex. Behavioral) to cause psychopathology. - Judy experienced vasovagal syncope- a common cause of fainting - Syncope was caused by the overreaction of the sinoaortic baroreflex arc compensates for the sudden increase in BP by lowering it. c. Emotional Influence - Emotions could actually trigger biological dysfunctions and influence the way individuals perceive an event. A particular emotion can cause physical and psychological changes which manifest in thought and behavior. d. Social Influence - The way people react or support an individual during a particular situation may also contribute with/to the other influences which strengthen the psychopathological vulnerabilities of the individual e. Developmental Influence - The fact that an individual is evolving and is always subjected to changes throughout his/her developmental stages, his/her way of reacting to a certain event or situation may vary as he/she ages or mature C. Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology ● Gregor Johann Mendel - The Father of genetics ● Genes- long molecules of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) at various locations on Chromosomes ● Chromosomes are the chain-like structures within a cell nucleus that contain the gene ● Each normal human cell has 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. One chromosome in each pair comes from the father and one from the mother. ● 22 pairs determine the physical traits whereas the last pair determines the sex.(sex chromosome)

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A dominant gene is one of a pair of genes that strongly influences a particular trait ● Recessive genes, by contrast, must be paired with another (recessive) gene to determine a trait. Otherwise, it won’t have any effect. ● Polygenic- influenced by many genes, each contributing tiny effect. This means they are influenced by multiple genes or by multiple polymorphisms of genes, with anyone gene having only very small effects. ● Genotype- total genetic endowment, meaning what you inherit ● Phenotype- Observed structural and functional characteristics. What is expressed (interaction between genes and environment. D. Diathesis-Stress Model ● Individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors, which may then be activated under conditions of stress ● the theory that mental and physical disorders develop from a genetic or biological predisposition for that illness (diathesis) combined with stressful conditions that play a precipitating or facilitating role. Serotonin transporter genes a. 2 long = less possibility to develop depression b. 1 long and 1 short = moderate c. 2 short = predisposition E. Gene-Environment Correlation Model ● A genetic endowment may increase the probability that an individual will experience stressful life events ● Biological and environmental factors are being considered in presenting problems. F. Epigenetics vs Nongenomic ● Epigenetics - These are changes that do not occur on the gene itself but can change the expression of genes brought by the environment. So environmental factors such as stress, nutrition, and others affect the genetic expression e, which is then immediately passed down to the next generation. ● Nongenomic - Meaning that a certain psychopathological or disorder can not only be accounted to genetics and that strong environmental influences sufficiently override genetic factors as causal factor of psychopathology...