Pdhpe TERM 1 - Health Promotion - Dotpoints (Recovered) PDF

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What Does Health Mean To Individuals?

MEANINGS OF HEALTH ●

Definition of Health Health - A state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

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Dimensions of Health Physical - refers to the wellness of our physical body, not having chronic pain or discomfort. Social - to interact with people in an independent and cooperative way. Mental - a state of wellbeing emotionally. The individual's ability to cope with everyday stress and have control over their own lives. Spiritual - good spiritual health means we feel a sense of purpose or have meaning in our life. It helps us to feel connected to other people, ourselves and the environment.

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Relative and Dynamic Nature of Health Relative - The relative nature of health refers to the use of others to compare the health status of a particular person. Dynamic - The dynamic nature of health refers to the fact that the health status of anyone is continually changing and can change dramatically with little notice.

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Health is the result of a continually changing process. The relative nature of health refers to how we judge our health compared to other people or other points in our life The dynamic nature of health refers to the constant changes that occur in our level of health.

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What Does Health Mean To Individuals? 1

PERCEPTIONS OF HEALTH ●

Personal Perceptions of Health -

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Personal interpretation of health Environment Beliefs about our capacity to achieve good health Our behaviours and lifestyle Our past level of health Attitudes about health conveyed by peers, family and the media The value we place on the importance of being healthy.

Changes in the

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Meaning of Health During our Life Childhood (birth-11) = Generally taken for granted. Early Adolescence (12-16) = health seen as important to establish and maintain positive body image. Late adolescence (17-24) = majority enjoy good health and realise the benefits of promoting behaviours Early adulthood (25-39) = seen as a resource, realise the value of having all dimensions of health in balance. Late adulthood (40-59) = preventive health behaviours and screening process become necessary as age increase. Senior years (60 +) = good health seen as a precious resource.

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Perceptions of Health as a Social Constructs

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● Imp act of the Media, Peers and Family Media - The media plays a significant role in disseminating health-related information. Stories in the media also influence people’s perceptions through the depth of information they provide, the way this information is presented and the frequency of this presentation. Peers - The group with whom we associate at school and outside of school markedly influences our attitudes about health and the health behaviours we adopt. Young people’s behaviour can be significantly influenced by their peers. Social pressures, along with the desire to fit in, may contribute to decisions being made that are likely to negatively affect their health. Family - From our earliest years, our parents are our role models, so the ideas they communicate about what health means and the values they convey about the importance of good health have a strong effect on the perceptions that we develop.

What Does Health Mean To Individuals?

HEALTH BEHAVIOURS OF YOUNG PEOPLE 3

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According to this report the health of young Australians (defined in the report as those aged between 12 and 24 years of age) has continued to improve over time and the majority of young people are currently faring well in terms of their health and well-being.

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Protective Behaviours Protective behaviours are those health behaviours that are likely to enhance a person’s level of health.

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Risk Behaviours Risk behaviours are those health behaviours that have been found to contribute to the development of health problems or poorer levels of health.

What

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Influences The Health of Individuals?

THE DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH ●

Health determinants are the individual, socioeconomic, sociocultural and environmental factors that can have a positive or negative influence on the health of individuals or populations.

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Individual Factors - Individual factors are those factors unique to each person that can determine their level of health. - Knowledge and Skills - Attitudes - Genetics Examples: Parents with heart disease - Genetics - Negative The ability to understand & interpret health information - Knowledge and Skills - Positive Sociocultural Factors - Sociocultural factors relate to the society in which people live and the cultural practices and expectations that exist within these communities. - Family - Peers - Media - Religion - Culture Examples: Children living in situations of abuse or neglect - Family - Negative Strong religious faith creating a sense of hope - Religion - Positive

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Socioeconomic Factors - Socioeconomic factors relate to a person’s level of income,

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education and employment. - education - employment - income Examples: Poorly educated are more likely to perceive health as poor - Education - Negative Being able to secure meaningful and regular employment - Employment - Positive Environmental Factors - Environmental factors are those things present in the environment in which people live and work that can affect their health in a positive or negative way. - Geographic location - Access to health services - Access to technology Examples: Range of health care options in rural & remote areas - Geographic location - Negative Construction of cycleways, playgrounds and parks - Access to health services - Positive

What Influences The Health of Individuals?

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THE DEGREE OF CONTROL INDIVIDUALS CAN EXERT OVER THEIR HEALTH ●

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Modifiable health determinants - Modifiable health determinants are those determinants that can be changed or controlled so they have a different level of influence on our health. One of the most important factors that allows us to take control of our health is our sense of self-efficacy. As explained, self-efficacy refers to our belief in our ability to bring about change. The stronger our self-efficacy, the greater our levels of perseverance and persistence and feelings of control. If we have low self-efficacy we are more likely to feel powerless and produce negative self-evaluations that can lead to lower self-esteem. Non-modifiable health determinants - Non-modifiable health determinants are determinants that cannot be changed or altered. The only factors that might be seen as non-modifiable determinants of health are genetics or heredity and some environmental factors. Changing influences: - Biological changes to the brain. - Greater emotional maturity and a stronger personal identity. - Greater personal responsibilities - Different social networks

What Influences The Health of Individuals?

HEALTH AS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT 7

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The social construct of health recognises that people have different views of health based on their social circumstances and ways of seeing, interpreting, interrelating and interacting with their environment.

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Interrelationship of Health Determinants

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Challenges the Notion that Health is Solely an Individual's Responsibility An individual view of health suggests that the individual is solely responsible for their health behaviour. This has limitations for changing individual motivations and behaviour as it blames the ‘victim’ rather than explaining the social and environmental determinants involved.

What Strategies Help To Promote The Health of Individuals?

WHAT IS HEALTH PROMOTION 8

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Health promotion involves activities that are aimed at enabling people to increase control over their health, to improve their health and prevent illness.

Government legislation: Laws eg. seatbelts, drink driving. Government regulations: Maintaining standards of health eg. correct food labels. Physical support: Hospitals, nursing homes, surgeries. Economic supports: Allocated money from the government for health and welfare programs. Social support: Health personnels eg. nurse, doctors counsellors, support groups. Educational support: Health education program in school, as well as information and education provided in other settings outside of school.

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Responsibility for Health Promotion

Individuals: - Personal behaviours, capacity to make decisions. - Access to accurate and reliable information. - GP’s, counsellors, nurses, dentists, health workers.

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- Form partnerships, work collaboratively. Community Groups and Schools: - Sun safety, PDHPE, canteens , sports, anti-bullying. - Knowledge and understanding, advocates for good health - PDHPE lessons. - Outside of school organisations that talk at schools. - Sporting organisations and clubs. Governments: - Local - pool fences, food hygiene, safe play equipment, opportunities for sporting, parks. - State - promotes issues that are needed for the states people, states health department eg. Lockout pub law, - Federal - developing policies, identifying health priorities, give direction, eg. National Tobacco Campaign. International Organisations: - Leadership on world health issues - Works with governments and countries - Set international health standards. Non-Government Organisations: - Non-profit, funding from sources such as fundraising eg. heart foundation, cancer council, beyond blue. - Raise awareness, educate, provide information, research, support services and advocating.

What Strategies Help To Promote The Health of Individuals?

HEALTH PROMOTION APPROACHES AND STRATEGIES

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Lifestyle/Behavioural: A lifestyle approach to health promotion is based on the premise that the major causes of morbidity and mortality within Australia are diseases resulting from poor lifestyle behaviour choices. Eg. physical activity initiatives targeting schoolaged children that aim to increase levels of regular physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour. Preventative Medical Approaches: Are those that use medical treatments or interventions to promote health.Eg. Actions taken at a primary prevention stage aim to prevent an illness ever occurring. Childhood immunisation programs that vaccinate children against diseases such as polio, whooping cough, are an example of a primary prevention strategy. Public Health Approaches: The public health approach to health promotion involves establishing programs, policies and services that create environments that support health. Eg. Mindmatters, a range of curriculum resources that are designed to enhance students’ resilience and connectedness, improve their help-seeking skills and increase their understanding of mental health.

What Strategies Help To Promote The Health of Individuals?

THE OTTAWA CHARTER ● -

History of the Ottawa Charter In 1977, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognised that governments across the world should be working towards attaining a level of health for all citizens that would

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enable them to lead socially and economically productive lives by 2000. To help achieve this goal, a document called the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion was developed in 1986 in Ottawa, Canada, which outlined five areas of action to achieve health for all. The charter is significant because it gave direction to health promotion through clear definitions, action plans and positive involvement. Agreement to the principles of the Ottawa Charter saw countries across the world adopt the public health approach as a new way of approaching health promotion.

What Strategies Help To Promote The Health of Individuals?

PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL JUSTICE ●

Social justice is a value that favours the reduction or elimination of inequity, the promotion of inclusiveness of diversity and the establishment of environments that are supportive of all people.

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The adoption of principles of social justice is fundamental to effective health

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promotion. These principles seek to ensure that individuals and groups identified as being the most disadvantaged (and therefore most likely to be experiencing poor health) are provided with sufficient resources and support to empower them to improve their health. On occasions, this can see significantly more resources being allocated to particular groups compared to the general population in an effort to narrow the gap that exists and improve the health of the whole population. Agreement with social justice principles requires a valuing of diversity, the provision of equal opportunities to maintain equity and the supportive environments to promote better health. ●

Equity: - Equity is the allocation of resources according to the needs of individuals and

populations, the goal being to achieve equality of outcomes. This means taking action to achieve fairness. An example of this may be providing more support to someone with a disability so that they can achieve the same as a person without a disability. Examples: 1. NSW health 4 steps towards equity. A planning tool to embed equity into all health issues and health promotion. 2. The close the gap program. The aim is to reducing the life expectancy gap between indigenous and non-indigenous australians. ● Diversity: - Diversity is variety, or difference, between individuals and groups of people. An example of diversity health promotion is when promoting something making sure that you target at your audience eg. rural or suburban/city areas. Examples: 1. NSW multicultural health communication service. To help people of different language backgrounds be able to seek health assistance in NSW. 2. Northcott Society who provides accessibility solutions like wheelchairs for people with physical disabilities.

● Supportive Environments: - The social environment in which a person lives or works has a significant influence on that person’s level of health and their ability to be able to make changes to improve their health. Examples of supportive environments are relatively free of violence, pollution and that have a regular supply of safe water and nutritious food, have low levels of poverty and cause less stress. Examples: 1. Health cities: housing standards, local planning regulations, transport strategies, cycle paths and maintenance of parks. To build a safer and more enjoyable environment.

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2. Air quality monitoring, heavy penalties for polluting waterways, research into clean fuel technologies, all strategies to encourage and strengthen conservation of the natural environment.

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