Period 6 Amsco Reading Guide - Apush PDF

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AMSCO Reading Guide: Period 6: 1865 - 1898 Complete the following reading guide in its entirety using the provided AMSCO text. Completed reading guides will be accessible during reading quizzes.

Timeline: 1877

Compromise of 1877 - Rutherford B. Hayes is president, ends Reconstruction

1890

McKinley Tariff passed.

1877

Great Railroad Strike of 1877 - Federal troops put down strike

1890

Battle at Wounded Knee - US army kills 150 Sioux Indians

1877

Munn v. Illinois - Government can regulate private industry

1890

Ocala Platform proposed by National Alliance

1878

Bland - Allison Act - Silver circulation

1890

The Morrill Act passed promoting establishment of Agricultural universities.

1881

Helen Hunt Jackson writes A Century of Dishonor shedding light on the plight of native Americans.

1890

Sherman Silver Act Passed

1881

Booker T. Washington creates Tuskegee University

1892

Sierra Club founded - oldest grassroots environmental organization

1881

Pendleton Act - Civil Service Reform

1892

Ellis Island opened in New York

1882

First comprehensive immigration laws passed in US.

1892

Homestead Strike of 1892 - put down by Pinkerton police

1883

Civil Rights Cases of Supreme Court pave the way for Jim Crow Laws

1892

Financial Panic of 1893 - Worst economic depression in US history to this point

1885

Contract Labor Law of 1885 - prohibits importation of migrant labor

1893

Frederick Jackson Turner writes The Significance of Frontier in American History

1886

Haymarket Affair - bombing in Chicago paints labor unions in a negative light.

1893

Anti - saloon League founded for prohibition

1886

American Federation of Labor founded.

1894

Wilson - Gorman Tariff passed reducing Tariff rates

1886

Wabash v Illinois limites states rights to control interstate commerce

1894

Coxey’s Army March to Washington

1887

Interstate Commerce Act

1894

Pullman Strike - shut down by President Cleveland

1887

Dawes Act divides native reservations into individual family plots

1896

Plessy v. Ferguson - “Separate by equal”

1889

Oklahoma territory opened to whites

1897

Dingley Tariff of 1897 - increase taxes

1889

Jane Addams founds Hull House

1898

1st professional Baseball league

1890

Sherman Anti-Trust Laws act against trusts and monopolies

1900

National Business League founded.

1890

Elizabeth Cady Stanton founded NAWSA

6.1 and 6.2 | Contextualizing Period 6 and Westward Expansion: Economic Development Timeline adapted from Henretta America’s History Eighth Edition

Learning Objectives Explain the historical context for the rise of industrial capitalism in the United States.

Historical Developments 6.1 | Contextualizing Period 6 What is the context for the rise of large-scale industries and capitalism?

What industries grew in this time period?

Which industries were involved in the “second” industrial revolution? Industries were connected by what?

What generated debates over the proper role of government in the economy? Where did many immigrants move from? What was life like in the cities? Industrialization stimulated new ideas about…. What kinds of reform movements took place during this time?

Explain the causes and effects of the settlement of the West from 1877 to 1898.

6.2 | Westward Expansion: Economic Development This period of expansion was different due to ________________________________. Transcontinental Railroads Railroads had two major effects: 1. 2. The Union Pacific Railroad company: ❖ Built from: ❖ Employed: The Central Pacific Railroad company: ❖ Built from: ❖ Employed: ❖ Risk: Where and when did the two railroads meet? The following railroads connected which places: ❖ Southern Pacific: ❖ The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe: ❖ The Northern Pacific:

❖ Great Northern: Describe some of the negative impacts of the growing rail system: Settlement of the Last West Why was the land west of the 100th meridian called the “Great American Desert”?

Describe the changes that took place here after 1865 (including how the buffalo were impacted):

Which lands were still territories? The Mining Frontier What kept a steady flow of settlers moving West? (Name locations)

Which states received statehood because of gold strikes? What is a boomtown and what were they like?

What happened to most boomtowns? Which cities were able to grow and prosper even after the gold boom? The Cattle Frontier Who were vaqueros? Why was the Texas cattle industry easy to break into? How did railroads impact the cattle market?

Who was Joseph G. McCoy and what did he do?

Name some of the biggest cattle trails: Many cowboys were… Why did cattle drives end starting in the 1880s? 1. 2. 3. 4. What were the long term impacts of the Wild West? The Farming Frontier What was the Homestead Act of 1862?

What was the result of this + railroads? Who got the best land, despite the homestead act? Who were sodbusters and what challenges did they face?

What was the impact of barbed wire? Who invented it? Why did 2/3rds of homesteads fail? What methods did some employ that allowed them to be successful? The building of ___________________________and ____________________________also helped them be successful. Farmers Organize What happened to farmers at the end of the 1800s?

Northern and Western farmers focused on growing ________________________________. Describe how life for farmers changed as consumers:

How did life change as producers:

What was the impact on small farms: What caused deflation in the US at this time: Deflation caused farmers to have to grow_____________________________, resulting in prices to continue to go________________________________. What was the result of this cycle? Why did farmers feel unfairly treated during the growth of industry? Why did they feel like they paid too many taxes?

Fighting Back What was the National Grange Movement and who started it? What did they do? What were some of the Grange laws passed? What were Farmers’ Alliances? How were they different from the Grange movement?

The closest farmers came to forming a political party was at the ________________________________ convention. The Ocala Platform called for the following reforms: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Why did farmers want to create inflation? While the Alliance did not create a political party, many of the ideas did become part of the ________________________________ movement.

6.3 | Westward Expansion: Social and Cultural Development Learning Objectives Explain the causes and effects of the settlement of the West from 1877 to 1898

Historical Developments . What groups helped shape the cultural development of the Great Plains and the Far West? The Closing of the Frontier ________________________________ opened to settlement in 1889 and in 1890 the US Census Bureau said the entire west had been ________________________________. Frederick Jackson Turner published which significant essay? Describe what he laid out in this essay, particularly the waves of settlement:

He said this resulted in an America that was: Some disagree with his cycle. How did “ boosters” go against Turner’s theory?

Why did the closing of the frontier worry Turner? By 1890s the largest movement of Americans from from: American Indians in the West Name which tribes prescribed to the following lifestyles: ❖ Permanent settlements in New Mexico and Arizona: ❖ Nomadic hunter-gatherers in the Southwest: ❖ Complex fishing communities in the pactific Northwest: ❖ Buffalo Hunters in the Great Plains:

Why did the American government begin pushing native people into reservations in the 1850s? How did the native people feel about this?

How did the US army treat native Americans? What happened in the 1866 Sioux War? What did the treaties the US government tried to pass do? Who ignored these treaties and why (both American and natives) The Indian Appropriation Act of 1871 ended what? What happened to the plains people? What was the last effort made by native people to resist the US government? What action did the US government take to suppress the movement? This marked the end of what?

What book did Helen Hunt Jackson write? The book created ________________________________ for Native Americans but called for ________________________________. Reformers advocated for: What was the Carlisle School? What was the purpose of the Dawes Act of 1887? What did it “provide” for native groups?

Why was the Dawes Act a failure? What happened in 1924? Mexican Americans in the Southwest What opened up the Spanish speaking Southwest to economic development and settlement? What happened to many Mexican landowners after the Mexican - American war? Where did many Mexican Americans find work? The Conservation Movement What sparked this movement? What was the first national park in the US? What action did the federal government take to save American land?

What were the Forest Reserve Act of 1891 and the Forest Management Act of 1897? Who was a leading preservationist and what did he want?

The creation of what reflected the growing environmental awareness of the 1900s?

6.4 | The “New South” Learning Objectives Explain the various factors contributed to continuity and change in the “New South” from 1877 to 1898

Historical Developments While the West was being developed, the South was still struggling with what? Proponents of the “New South” wanted the South to have: 1. 2. 3. 4. Growth of Industry Henry Grady was the editor of the ________________________________ which argued for:

Describe how these cities industrialized: ❖ Birmingham: ❖ Memphis: ❖ Richmond: Which states overtook the North as leading textile producers? Describe the growth that took place in the South from 1865 - 1900:

Describe the following two factors and how they slowed industrial growth in the South? 1. Northern domination: 2.

Failure to expand education:

Agriculture and Poverty Half of the region's population engaged in what kind of work by 1900? Why were Southern banks poor? Why were farmers tied to their land like serfs? What caused cotton prices to drop by 50% in the 1890s? Whose was George Washington Carver and how did his work help the South? What were the Farmers’ Southern Alliance and the Colored Farmers’ National Alliance?

What stood in the way of farmers really uniting in the South?

Segregation Democrats who took back control in the South after reconstruction ended were called: What did they favor? How did they exert political power?

What was ruled in the Civil Rights Cases of 1883?

Plessy v. Ferguson is a landmark Supreme Court case that held up the ideas:

What were Jim Crow Laws:

What was put into place to keep African American people from voting? What was the grandfather clause? Describe some of the ways in which African Americans were discriminated against in the South:

Why was it difficult for African Americans to move into the Middle Class? Responding to Segregation Who was Ida B. Wells, what did she write, and why did she have to move North? What was the International Migration Society? Who formed it?

What did Booker T. Washington establish? What did he promote? What did he preach at the Atlanta Compromise?

What was the National Negro Business League and what did it promote? Why did some challenge Washington? Why did some praise him? Who was W.E.B. Dubois?

6.5 | Technological Innovation Learning Objectives

Historical Developments

Explain the effects of technologic al advances in the developmen t of the United States over time.

. Inventions What marked the beginning of the communication revolution (and when)? Which inventions were made in the following years? Also, list who invented them if available. ➔ 1867: ➔ 1876: ➔ 1879: ➔ 1887: ➔ 1888: ➔ 1888: ➔ 1884: ➔ 1895: The Steel Industry What advancement was made in the steel industry in the 1850s and by who? Why did the Great Lakes region emerge as the center of steel production? Edison and Westinghouse What was the world’s first modern research laboratory? What did this introduce to the world? What major inventions came out of his lab? What major inventions did George Westinghouse contribute? His invention made possible what:

Technology and the Growth of Cities What made the growth of cities possible? What kinds of things made it possible for people to live further and further away from work?

The building of suspension bridges like the ________________________________ made commuting from residential areas and city centers possible. Who was home to the first skyscraper? This was made possible by what inventions? Consumer Goods Who made some of the first large department stores? Who were some of the first major mail-order companies? What changed the eating habits of Americans? What prompted a consumer economy?

6.6 |The Rise of Industrial Capitalism Learning Objectives Explain the socioecono mic continuities and changes associated with the growth of industrial capitalism from 1865 to 1898

Historical Developments . What other important “inventions” helped large scale industrial growth? The Business of Railroads What was the nation’s first big business? How did the government support the 5x growth of the rail industry from 1865 - 1900? The growth of railroads resulted in…. 1. 2. 3. Railroad building promoted the growth of which other industries? What happened in 1833? What was the most important innovation of the railroad? Competition and Consolidation Describe the inefficiencies in railroads before the civil war: How did consolidation change this?

What did Cornelius Vanderbilt do? Describe the actions of Jay Gould:

How did rail companies scramble to survive?

What allowed J. Pierpont Morgan to move in and consolidate smaller rail companies? What was the result of this consolidation?

What was an interlocking directorate? How did this result in a monopoly?

What happened to Granger Laws? When did the government begin to successfully regulate the rail industry? Industrial Empires What kinds of things were produced in the “second” industrial revolution? Who was Andrew Carnegie and what industries was he involved in? What is vertical integration?

What was the first billion dollar company? This company was also the…. Who was John D. Rockefeller and what company did he found? Standard oil controlled ________________________________% of the oil refinery business. What is a monopoly? Define the following business organization systems used by other industrialists: ➔ Trust: ➔ Horizontal Integration: ➔ Vertical Integration: ➔ Holding Companies: What did critics have to say about these giant companies?

Laissez - Faire Capitalism How did federal, state, and local governments support the growth of business? Why did people reject government intervention in the economy? Conservative Economics What did Adam Smith assert in Wealth of Nations?

The ideas of laissez-faire economics were used by industrialists to do what? How was social darwinism applied to the economy?

What did William Graham Sumner argue? These ideas provided a “scientific” sanction for what? How were the ideas of the Protestant Work Ethic used by people like Rockefeller?

In the 1890s _________________ % of the population owned ____________________ % of the wealth. Why did Americans ignore this widening gap between rich and poor? What was exalted in the novels of Horatio Alger? Most “self - made men” were: What made up about 30% of Us imports by 1900? From where?

Around 1900, the US was _________________ % of the global population and ____________________ % of world exports.

6.7 | Labor in the Gilded Age Learning Objectives Explain the socioecono mic continuities and changes associated with the growth of industrial capitalism from 1865 to 1898

Historical Developments Why is this age referred to as the Gilded Age?

Challenges for Wage Earners By the 1900s 2/3rds of the population worked what kinds of jobs? What set wages? How did David Ricardo justify low wages in talk of the “iron law of wages”?

What did families report to in order to increase their income? How was factory work fundamentally different from artisanal work?

How did laborers respond to difficult working conditions? The Struggles of Organized Labor Why did managers hold so much power in the struggles with workers? Describe how employers used the following tactics to defeat unions: ❖ Lockout: ❖ Blacklist: ❖ Yellow-dog Contract: ❖ Private guards or state militia: ❖ Court Injunction: Management characterized unions as _________________ and _________________ unAmerican. What were some direct actions taken against management by workers? What is collective bargaining? Describe the events of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?

What was the federal response? How many people died? What were the varied responses to the strike? Attempts to Organize National Unions Before 1860, most unions were:

What was the National Labor Unions? What were their goals? 1. 2.

3. 4. 5. What was its biggest victory? Why did it lose support? What was the Knights of Labor and who was invited to be members?

Their goals were: 1. 2. 3. 4. Why did this union decline? What was the May Day movement? Where was it?

What happened on May 4th?

How did this change public opinion about the labor movement? What was the American Federation of Labor and what did they focus on?

Strikes and Strikebreaking What caused the Homestead Strike?

How was the strike put down? Was it successful?

What was the cause of the Pullman Strike? Eugene V. Debs, the leader of the American Railroad Union did what?

Why were many leaders of this union jailed? What was decided in In re Debs in 1895? Debs went on to help found what? Where was industrial growth concentrated during the Gilded Age?

6.8 | Immigration and Migration in the Gilded Age Learning Objectives Explain how cultural and economic factors affected migration over time.

Historical Developments Most of Chicago’s residents in the 1890s were…. Growth of Immigration What happened to the US population in the last half of the 19th century? How many immigrants came into the country? What are push and pull factors? Describe the events that pushed people out of Europe: ❖ ❖ ❖ Describe the pull factors that brought people to the United States: ❖ ❖ ❖ What made it possible for so many people to migrate to the US? “Old Immigrants” came from where? What made it relatively easy for these immigrants to assimilate into the US?

From 1890 to 1914, “new immigrants” from where moved into the US?

What made it more difficult for “new immigrants” to blend into the US?

What were birds of passage? What prompted ...