Isabel Brooks - Amsco Reading Guide 14 PDF

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4. Effects of the War on Civilian Life, pp 279-282 Key Concepts & Main Ideas

Notes

Analysis

The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested Reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights.

Effects of the War on Civilian Life…

What is the difference between a scalawag and a copperhead?

The Civil War … altered power relationships between the states and the federal government and among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, ending slavery and the notion of a divisible union, but leaving unresolved questions of relative power and largely unchanged social and economic patterns.

Political Change… - Secession of Southern states created Republican majorities in both houses of Congress - Within Republicans sharp differences between radical faction (immediate abolition of slavery) and the moderate faction (Free-soilers concerned ab economic opportunities for whites) - Democrats supported war but criticized Lincoln’s conduct for it - Peace Democrats and Copperheads opposed war and wanted a negotiated peace

Civil Liberties… - Lincoln focused more on prosecuting war than with protecting citizens’ rights - Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus in MD and other states w/ pro-Conf. Sentiment - Meant that persons could be arrested without being informed of the charges against them - During war approx. 13,000 people arrested on suspicion of aiding enemy - W/out right of habeas corpus many held without trial

Ex Parte Milligan...

scalawag = white southerners who worked with northern Republicans during reconstruction for personal profit copperhead = northern democrats that opposed the civil war and wanted immediate peace

Explain how the Union victory impacted federal politics and regional economics. The Union preferred a strong central government with laws that made the federal government stronger and not so much the states'. Because of the Union's victory the nation passed laws and created an economy that appeased the Union more.

- Supreme Court case (1866) - U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the federal government could not establish military courts to try civilians except where civil courts were no longer functioning in an actual theatre of war.

The Draft… - Beginning of the war used only volunteer but as need for replacements grew Union and Conf. both resorted to laws for drafting men into service - March 1863: Union’s first Conscription Act made all men 20-45 liable for military service but allowed a draftee to avoid service by finding substitute or paying $300 exemption fee - Provoked fierce opposition from poorer laborers who feared jobs would be taken by freed African Americans - July 1863: riots against draft in NYC where Irish American mob attacked blacks and wealthy whites - 117 people killed before federal troops and temporary suspension of draft restored order

Political Dominance of the North… - Long-term effects of war on balance of power between North and South important - Old arguments for nullification and secession ceased to be issues with military triumph of Union and new definition of nature of federal union - After Civil War, supremacy of federal gov over states accepted as an established fact - Abolition of slavery gave new meaning and legitimacy to concept of American democracy - Gettysburg Address of Nov 19, 1863: Lincoln rallied Americans to idea that nation dedicated to proposition that all men are created equal - Abolition of slavery advanced cause of democratic gov in US and inspired champions of democracy world wide

Economic Change… Financing the War… - Union financed war by borrowing $2.6 billion through sale of gov bonds - Congress also raised tariffs (Morrill Tariff of 1861), added excise taxes, and instituted first income tax - US Treasury issued more than $430 million in paper currency as Greenbacks (inflation) - Prices in North rose 80% during war - Congress created a national banking system in 1863 to manage revenue moving in and out of Treasury - First unified banking network since Andrew Jackson vetoed recharter of Bank of US in 1830s

Both the North and the South experienced inflation due to the war (and spending). Why was inflation so much higher in the South? Too much money was being circulated. Also here were shortages of food and supplies and so they made more money to get more food and supplies.

Effects of the War on Civilian Life Continued… Key Concepts & Main Ideas The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested Reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights.

Notes

Analysis

Modernizing Northern Society…

Support or refute the assertion that the Civil War was a Second American Revolution. Back up your answer with evidence.

- Workers’ wages did not keep pace with inflation - Many aspects of modern industrial economy accelerated by the war - War sped up consolidation of North’s manufacturing business b/c war placed focus on mass production an complex organization - War profiteers took advantage of gov needs for military supplies to sell bad goods at high prices - Fortunes made during war produced concentration of capital at hands of a new class of millionaires who would finance North’s industrialization in postwar years - Republican politics took advantage of wartime majority in Congress and passed an ambitious economic program that included national banking system and....

While the Democrats are away… the Republicans will play… a.

Morrill Tariff Act

b.

Homestead Act

- 1861: raised tariff rates to increase revenue and protect American manufacturers. Its passage initiated a Republican program of high protective tariffs to help industrialists - 1862: promoted settlement of the Great Plains by offering parcels of 160 acres of public land free to any person/family that farmed that land for at least five years

c. (this section will be more relevant in the next era)

I support because the war became a war fought to fear a group of people and changed the way that America viewed certain ideals.

Morrill Land Grant Act

- 1862: encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges

d.

Pacific Railway Act

- 1862: authorized the building of a transcontinental railroad over a northern route to link the economies of CA and the western territories with the eastern states

Social Change…

- Most directly affected by war were women and African Americans - Absence of men from fields and factories added to responsibilities of women - Stepped into labor vacuum from war; operated farms and plantations and took factory jobs customarily held by men - Played critical role as military nurses and volunteers in soldiers’ aid societies - After war most urban women vacated jobs in gov and industry while rural women accepted male assistance on the farm - Economic struggle for women affected by war mortality - Permanent effects of War on Women: - Nursing now open to women for the first time - Enormous responsibilities undertaken by women during war gave impetus to movement to obtain equal voting rights for women

Compare and contrast the effect of War on women to the effect of War on African Americans. women --> - got more roles - also opened up the nursing role to them - war gave momentum to the women' equal voting rights movement African Americans --> became free and soldiers for war

End of Slavery…

- After 13th Amendment 4 million people became freed - Economic hardship and political oppression still continued for generations - End of slavery opened door for opportunities for freedom

Historical Context (BROAD) & Intended Audience, Purpose, or Point of View

Contextualize & Analyze the following: Address Delivered at the Dedication of the Cemetery at Gettysburg Abraham Lincoln November 19, 1863 Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us - that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

H: - Civil War

IPP: - loved ones of those who were lost in the war - to remember those lost - the author

Reading Guide written by Rebecca Richardson, Allen High School Sources include but are not limited to: 2015 edition of AMSCO’s United States History Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination, 2012 & 2015 Revised College Board Advanced Placement United States History Framework, The Mental Floss History of the United States by Erik Sass, HIPP writing strategy developed by John P. Irish, Carroll High School, and other sources as cited in document and collected/adapted over 20 years of teaching and collaborating.....