Phillips' Science of Dental Materials- Phillip Anusavice PDF

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7KLVSDJHLQWHQWLRQDOO\OHIWEODQN 7KLVSDJHLQWHQWLRQDOO\OHIWEODQN Kenneth J. Anusavice, PhD, DMD Distinguished Professor Emeritus Department of Restorative Dental Sciences Director, Center for Dental Biomaterials College of Dentistry University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Chiayi Shen, PhD A...

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Kenneth J. Anusavice, PhD, DMD Distinguished Professor Emeritus Department of Restorative Dental Sciences Director, Center for Dental Biomaterials College of Dentistry University of Florida Gainesville, Florida

Chiayi Shen, PhD Associate Professor Department of Restorative Dental Sciences College of Dentistry University of Florida Gainesville, Florida

H. Ralph Rawls, PhD Professor of Biomaterials Research Division Department of Comprehensive Dentistry University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, Texas

EDITION

12

3251 Riverport Lane St. Louis, Missouri 63043

PHILLIPS’ SCIENCE OF DENTAL MATERIALS

ISBN:

978-1-4377-2418-9

Copyright © 2013 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA) Previous editions copyrighted 1996, 1991, 1982, 1973, 1967, 1960, 1954, 1946, 1940, 1936 by W.B. Saunders Company No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Anusavice, Kenneth J. Phillips’ science of dental materials / Kenneth J. Anusavice, Chiayi Shen, H. Ralph Rawls.—12th ed. p. ; cm. Science of dental materials Rev. ed. of: Phillips’ science of dental materials / [edited by] Kenneth J. Anusavice. 11th ed. ©2003. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4377-2418-9 (hardcover : alk. paper) I. Phillips, Ralph W. II. Shen, Chiayi. III. Rawls, H. Ralph. IV. Phillips’ science of dental materials. V. Title. VI. Title: Science of dental materials. [DNLM: 1. Dental Materials. WU 190] 617.6′95—dc23 2012015340 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data or Control Number Vice President and Content Strategy Director: Linda Duncan Executive Content Strategist: Kathy Falk Senior Content Development Specialist: Brian Loehr Publishing Services Manager: Catherine Jackson Project Manager: Sara Alsup Design Direction: Teresa McBryan Cover Designer: Brian Salisbury Text Designer: Brian Salisbury

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CONTRIBUTORS

SIBEL A. ANTONSON, DDS, PhD, MBA

JOSEPHINE F. ESQUIVEL-UPSHAW, DMD, MS, MS-CI

Clinical Associate Professor and Director of Dental Biomaterials Department of Restorative Dentistry The State University of New York at Buffalo School of Dental Medicine Buffalo, New York Director, Education and Professional Services Ivoclar Vivadent, Inc. Amherst, New York

Associate Professor Department of Restorative Dental Sciences College of Dentistry University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Chapter 20 Dental Implants LAWRENCE GETTLEMAN, DMD, MSD

Chapter 11 Materials and Processes for Cutting, Grinding, Finishing, and Polishing

Professor of Prosthodontics & Biomaterials School of Dentistry University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky

KENNETH J. ANUSAVICE, PhD, DMD

Chapter 19 Prosthetic Polymers and Resins

Distinguished Professor Emeritus Department of Restorative Dental Sciences Director, Center for Dental Biomaterials College of Dentistry University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Chapter 1 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 7 Chapter 10

Overview of Preventive and Restorative Materials Mechanical Properties of Dental Materials Structure and Properties of Cast Dental Alloys Biocompatibility Dental Waxes, Casting Investments, and Casting Procedures Chapter 11 Materials and Processes for Cutting, Grinding, Finishing, and Polishing Chapter 18 Dental Ceramics Chapter 21 Emerging Technologies

JACK E. LEMONS, PhD

Professor Department of Prosthodontics School of Dentistry University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama Chapter 20 Dental Implants RODNEY D. PHOENIX, DDS, MS

Director Resident Education USAF Graduate Prosthodontics Residency Lackland AFB, Texas Chapter 19 Prosthetic Polymers and Resins CAROLYN PRIMUS, PhD

WILLIAM A. BRANTLEY, PhD

Professor and Director Graduate Program in Dental Materials Science Division of Restorative, Prosthetic and Primary Care Dentistry College of Dentistry The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Chapter 5

Primus Consulting Bradenton, Florida Chapter 14 Dental Cements Chapter 21 Emerging Technologies

Structure and Properties of Cast Dental Alloys

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vi

CONTR IBU T ORS

H. RALPH RAWLS, PhD

ERICA C. TEIXEIRA, DDS, MSc, PhD

Professor of Biomaterials Research Division Department of Comprehensive Dentistry University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, Texas

Assistant Professor Department of Comprehensive Dentistry University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, Texas

Chapter 3 Chapter 6 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 19 Chapter 21

Physical and Chemical Properties of Solids Dental Polymers Bonding and Bonding Agents Resin-Based Composites Prosthetic Polymers and Resins Emerging Technologies

Chapter 12 Bonding and Bonding Agents QIAN WANG, PhD

Research Associate Department of Pediatric-Tropical Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas Chapter 12 Bonding and Bonding Agents

GOTTFRIED SCHMALZ, DDS, DMD, PhD

Professor and Chairman Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology University of Regensburg Regensburg, Germany Chapter 7

Biocompatibility

CHIAYI SHEN, PhD

Associate Professor College of Dentistry Department of Restorative Dental Sciences University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Chapter 2 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17

Structure of Matter and Principles of Adhesion Impression Materials Gypsum Products Dental Cements Dental Amalgams Dental Casting Alloys and Metal Joining Wrought Metals

KYUMIN WHANG, PhD

Associate Professor Division of Research Department of Comprehensive Dentistry The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, Texas Chapter 13 Resin-Based Composites

Eugene W. Skinner

Ralph W. Phillips

We would like to dedicate this edition to the first two editors of this book, Dr. Eugene W. Skinner (1896–1966) and Dr. Ralph W. Phillips (1918–1991). Dr. Eugene Skinner, a professor of physics at Northwestern University School of Dentistry in Chicago published the first edition of The Science of Dental Materials in 1936. Dr. Skinner introduced Ralph Phillips as a co-author of the 5th edition of the book in 1960. Dr. Skinner died during the proof page proof review stage of the 6th edition in 1966. Dr. Phillips renamed the book, Skinner’s Science of Dental Materials in the 7th through 9th editions. After the death of Dr Phillips in 1991, the book has been subsequently renamed as Phillips’ Science of Dental Materials for the 10th through 12th editions. Throughout an eminent career that spanned five decades, Dr. Phillips was recognized as one of the world’s foremost leaders in the field of dental materials science. He was one of the first dental scientists to investigate the relationship between laboratory tests and clinical performance. He initiated clinical investigations designed to analyze the effect of the oral environment on restorative materials and to determine the biocompatibility of restorative materials and the efficacy of newer material formulations and techniques of use. Over his many years of service he remained firmly committed to his original focus on the clinical relevance of laboratory findings, an approach that dominated both his style of teaching and his research activities. Among his main contributions to dentistry, Dr. Phillips pioneered studies of fluoride’s influence on the solubility and hardness of tooth enamel and its anticariogenic potential when included in restorative materials. In the 1960s he coordinated the first workshop on adhesive dental materials, which brought together research experts in the fields of adhesion, polymer science, and tooth structure. During his career he published more than 300 scientific papers and books and organized more than 40 symposia and conferences related to biomaterials and dental research.

PREFACE

T

his book represents a comprehensive overview of the composition, biocompatibility, physical properties, mechanical properties, manipulative variables, and performance of direct and indirect restorative materials and auxiliary materials used in dentistry. The book is intended as a textbook for dental students, dental hygiene students, laboratory technicians, and dental materials scientists. It is also designed as an authoritative reference book for dentists, dental assistants, dental hygienists, and corporate marketing staff. Although the scientific concepts presented in some chapters are somewhat advanced, the text information in most chapters can be readily understood by individuals with a general college education. The twelfth edition of Phillips’ Science of Dental Materials is divided into four sections to reflect the focus of the chapters contained in each part. Part I, General Classes and Properties of Dental Materials, consists of seven chapters on the structure, physical properties, mechanical properties, casting methodology, dental polymers, and biocompatibility

viii

of restorative and auxiliary materials used in dentistry. Part II: Auxiliary Dental Materials, contains four chapters on impression materials, gypsum products, dental waxes, casting investments and casting procedures, and finishing and polishing materials. Part III: Direct Restorative Materials, is focused on four areas, bonding and bonding agents, restorative resins and cements, dental cements, and dental amalgams. Part IV: Indirect Restorative Materials, consists of six chapters including dental casting and soldering alloys, wrought metals, dental ceramics, denture base resins, dental implants, and a new chapter on emerging technologies. Direct and indirect materials are used to restore function and/or aesthetics in mouths containing damaged, decayed, or missing teeth by producing the restoration directly within the prepared tooth or by producing a prosthesis indirectly in a dental laboratory before placement in the oral cavity. As shown in the table below, the previous 23 chapters of the 11th edition have been condensed into the 21 chapters of the 12th edition by combining Chapters 5 and 6 into the new

12th Edition

Topic

11th Edition

Chapter 1

Overview of Preventive and Restorative Materials

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Structure of Matter and Principles of Adhesion

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Physical and Chemical Properties of Solids

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Mechanical Properties of Dental Materials

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Structure and Properties of Cast Dental Alloys

Chapters 5/6

Chapter 6

Dental Polymers

Chapter 7

Chapter 7

Biocompatibility

Chapter 8

Chapter 8

Impression Materials

Chapter 9

Chapter 9

Gypsum Products

Chapter 10

Chapter 10

Dental Waxes, Casting Investments, and Casting Procedures

Chapters 11/12

Chapter 11

Materials and Processes for Cutting, Grinding, Finishing, and Polishing

Chapter 13

Chapter 12

Bonding and Bonding Agents

Chapter 15

Chapter 13

Resin-Based Composites

Chapter 14

Chapter 14

Dental Cements

Chapter 16

Chapter 15

Dental Amalgams

Chapter 17

Chapter 16

Dental Casting Alloys and Metal Joining

Chapter 19

Chapter 17

Wrought Metals

Chapters18/20

Chapter 18

Dental Ceramics

Chapter 21

Chapter 19

Prosthetic Polymers and Resins

Chapter 22

Chapter 20

Dental Implants

Chapter 23

Chapter 21

Emerging Technologies

None

P R E FA CE

Chapter 5, Cast Metal, Electrodeposited Metal, and Metallurgical Principles; replacing Chapters 11 and 12 with the new Chapter 10, Dental Waxes, Metal Casting Investments, and Casting Procedures; replacing Chapters 18 and 20 with the new Chapter 17, Wrought Metals; and adding the new Chapter 21, Emerging Technologies. This condensed format places similar topics into one chapter, making it easier to find information on any given topic. Each of the chapters contain an introductory terminology section that is designed to familiarize the reader with key words and definitions and a number of critical thinking questions, which are intended to stimulate thinking and to emphasize important concepts. The answers to these questions are generally found in the section or sections immediately after each question. Although the terminology is associated with generally accepted scientific and dental definitions, it is not intended to be a comprehensive dictionary of all terms used in dental biomaterials science. Several of the chapters represent totally new approaches to the specific subject. Chapter 1 has been revised to provide an introductory overview of the use of dental materials, the historical evolution of biomaterials, and the standards for safety and quality assurance. Chapters 5, 10, 16, and 17 have been restructured to reflect an updated review of casting and wrought metals. Chapter 6 reflects a new approach on the science of dental polymers. Chapter 7 is a totally new summary of the basic principles and clinical implications of biocompatibility evaluation. Chapter 9 represents an integration of the previous chapters on impression materials. Chapter 12 is a new overview of the systems and principles of bonding and dental adhesives. Chapter 13 reflects an updated review of restorative resins. Chapter 14 on dental cements describes cement compositions, manipulative characteristics, and clinical performance. Chapter 18 represents an updated summary of ceramics used for metal-ceramic and ceramic-ceramic prostheses. Chapter 20 is a new overview of dental implants with an emphasis on implant material and design considerations relative to clinical performance. Finally, Chapter 21 projects potential future technologies in dentistry and describes both recently emerged technologies and those anticipated in the coming decades. AIMS OF THIS BOOK FOR READERS The aims of this textbook are: (1) to introduce the science of dental biomaterials science to educators and students with little or no engineering or dental background and facilitate their study of physical and chemical properties that are related to selection and use of these products by the dentist, dental assistants (nurses), dental hygienists, and dental lab technicians, (2) to describe the basic properties of dental materials that are related either to clinical manipulation by dentists and/or dental laboratory technicians, (3) to characterize the durability and esthetics of dental restorations and prostheses made from the restorative materials, and (4) to identify characteristics of materials that affect tissue compatibility and general biological safety. It is assumed that the reader

possesses an introductory knowledge of physics or mechanics, as well as inorganic and organic chemistry. The technology and information provided are intended to bridge the gap between the knowledge of biomaterials obtained in basic courses in materials engineering, chemistry, physics, and the use of the materials in the dental lab and dental clinic. A dental technique is not necessarily an empirical process. In fact, it can be based on sound scientific principles as more information is available from biomedical and dental research. The 21 chapters in the 12th edition focus not just on what the materials are designed to accomplish but more on why the materials react as they do and how the manipulation variables affect their performance in dental laboratories or dental clinics. What differentiates a dental professional from a tradesperson? To answer this question one should realize that viturally every experience related to preventing disease, treating damage resulting from oral disease, and restoring teeth that are broken down by disease, trauma, and/or neglect is unique. A dentist, dental hygienist, dental assistant, and lab technician must possess basic knowledge that he or she can use to determine optimal conditions for processes that are based on a foundation of science and crticial-thinking skills. When a dentist is required to remove a fractured zirconia fixed dental prosthesis, the possible difficulties associated with cutting such a tough material without heating up the tooth appreciably requires excellent psychomotor skill, perception of the amount of heat transferred to the pulp tissue, and sound judgment of the rate of coolant application and rotational speed of the diamond bur. ...