Plant Science - Lecture notes all PDF

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All notes and pictures fro Brother Spackman's class. ...

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January 8th  Syllabus o 4 exams, only have to take 3 o No late work ever o Weekly readings, homework assignments, and quizzes o If gone, can take quizzes before, not after o Pre and post tests o Don’t need to bring book every day  Intro o Agronomy - growing plants on a large scale. o Horticulture - growing plants on a smaller scale. o Floriculture - branch of agronomy that grows flowers. o Fertilizers - plant nutrients either from a bag, compost, and natural plant decay. o If something is organic, it means it has carbon in it, the world sees it as not having any genetic changes to it. o Higher education:  Technical certificate  Associates  Bachelors  Masters  Doctorate o The foolish and wise virgins  Always come to class prepared and do ur best  Be diligent during semester, ask questions, put out what you want to get in this class - not a pushover class. January 13th  Snow drifts during the winter: o Plants get crushed and dehydrated o Plants DO need water during the winter (transpiration)  Sap on trees creates sugar and water for the tree o Snow is a good insulator but the weight can also damage it o Ice can help keep plants insulated as well  3 plant cells: o Cell composition o Molecules o 50% protein  Trunk o Outer Bark - protection o Inner bark - “phloem” o Cambium - growing part of trunk o Sapwood - pipeline: h2o to the leaves o Heartwood - supporting pillar of the tree, central and its dead!  Primary organs and roots:

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One major root, “taproot”, and mass of similar sized branches Adsorption vs Absorption  Ad = clinging to the surface  Ab = moving into the soil Stems  Ground tissue, material between pipes  Monocot - scattered pattern >>>  Dicots - arranged in a ring >>> Leaf structure  Light interception/penetration  autotrophs/self feeders  Makes sugar - C,H,O o Tissues  Meristematic  Apical - top  Subapical - middle  Intercalary - middle  lateral / cambial - bottom  Primary and secondary growth: o Primary = young organs length shoots and roots o Secondary = increased girth as layers of woody tissues o Monocots and herbaceous dicots typically exhibit primary growth

January 15th  Plant parts o Flowers  Sepals  Petals  Stamens (male reproductive system)  Pollen  Anther  Filament  Pistils (female reproductive system)  Stigma  Style  Ovary o Imperfect - missing stamen/pistils o Incomplete - missing primary parts o Perfect both male and female reproductive systems  Pollenation instigates fertilization which produces a zygote which becomes a seed  Leaves = processing of food/food source. (work source)

January 17th  Lenticel o Through capillary action move water from the free water surfaces o Example: high capitulation for the paper towel placed in the water, and as the water travels through, it gets lower and lower. o Water molecules are dragging each other and pulling each other up through a “tube” or stem in our case.  Main parts of the root o Taproots and fibrous roots  Root cap and meristem.  Fruit o Simple fruits can be fleshy or dry o If it is a ripened ovary, it is a fruit! Grows from the flowers. o Simple fruit with fleshy tissue is classified as a drupe or pome. o Berry, seeds in the middle with a flesh surrounding it; example kiwi. o Aggregate  Strawberries - achenes, the seeds on the surface, “fused” into one fruit from ONE flower, sepals, the leaves on the top. Also categorized as Pseudocarp.  Raspberry and blackberry go into this category as well, aggregation of drupes. o Multiple  Pineapple - bottom “pokies” individual fruits, all pollinated independently, all separate flowers, top, leafy bract. o Dehiscent  Fruit Achene, seeds. Everything falls out/apart from the pod or container.  Sunflower seeds and milk weed. o Indehiscent  Caryopsis, a container on which the fruit is attached, for example, corn and the cob, it’s stuck together. January 22nd  Soil and dirt aren't the same thing  Soil is made of o minerals - sand, silt and clay (45-50) o air (20-30) o water (20-30) o organic matter (05)  Texture triangle - soils lab, sand silt and loam percentages  How are soils formed? See the picture with five labels.

January 24th  Infiltration - the movement of water into and through a soil  Percolation - the continuation of the water through the water  Retention - water retained in the soil to help hydrate  Leaching - moved through all of the effective rooting system. o Highly leachable nutrience  Limestone is basic, pH of 7  The first irrigation - moses 3:5-10  Where to find water? o Water witching/dowsing  Aquifers o Storage for precipitation  Water requirements o Crops o Climate o Season o Soil conditions - sand silt and clay o Method of application  Knowing your soil texture will help you know how much you need to water it, what water it will hold, and what to plant there.  Methods: o Surface  Flood  Head and tail ditch >>>  Furrow o Sprinkler  Hand lines  Wheel lines  Pivots  Linears o Drip and Trickle January 27th  Soil sustains life and dirt is what we sweep off the floor and dig out from under our fingernails.  What makes up soil? o Minerals - sand silt clay o Air o Organic matter (humus) o Water  Take home message - Combine the ingredients in these ratios and you get a loam soil. o Soil is made of - these are FLEXIBLE and always move to create different soils  minerals - sand, silt and clay (45-50)  air (20-30)  water (20-30)  organic matter (0-5)  Soil as a sponge: o Example with dry sponge as the soil and water, the water was leeching from the soil because it wasn't able to be retained in the soil.

Terms:  Infiltration - the movement of water into and through a soil  Percolation - the continuation of the water through the water  Retention - water retained in the soil to help hydrate  Leaching - moved through all of the effective rooting system.  Gravitational water - water that is dripping out of the bottom of the sponge  Field capacity - when water no longer drips out of the sponge, meaning the soil can take in no more water. Water resides in the pores between the materials in the soil.  Plant available water - the level between field capacity, the most the soil can take, and pwp, when the plant dies.  Permanent wilting point (pwp) - no water and your plant dies.  Turgor - water flowing through the xylem and phloem to help it stand up right. Pressure to keep it up right.  Hygroscopic water the water that is held in the soil more tightly than the plant can grab it. We can only get it out with a soil drying oven.  Bulk density - the amount of pore space in the soil and how much water it can hold.  Soil organic matter consists of: o Living organisms o Dead organisms o Plant matter o Other decomposing organic materials  Organic matter affects leaching. o Magnetic sponge, they attract different things.  Silt loam soil - good water holding capacity (whc) and cec  Sandy soil - poor water holding capacity (whc) and low cec  Slaking demo o Highly tilled soil will dissolve like cotton candy in water o Soil that isn’t super tiled won’t o Glomalin - holds the soil particles together but allows for pore and air space, this type of soil is considered a great sponge. Whc is much higher within these soils.  Soil is generally negative in charge. February 3rd - water quality  Water quality - Is this water good or bad quality? o Good  Hydro  Recreational o Bad o

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 Erosion - head cutting  Bad for certain fish o Water quality is all dependent on what you will be using it for What does water do for you? o Most of the human body is made out of water 60% Water pollutants: o Nitrogen  Safe drinking water level not to exceed 10mg/L (nitrate) or 1 mg/L (nitrite)  Blue baby syndrome - kills cells because they cant get oxygen o Phosphorus  Eutrophication  nutrient enrichment of waterway resulting in excessive weedy plant growth.  Biological oxygen demand >>>>  Other words, the plants rob the water of oxygen. This kills fish because the oxygen levels are super all over the place, with a regular oxygen level, the fish live and so do the plants.  Particulate P - hitch hikes on soil particles, positive ions so they connect to the soil.  Ortho P - dissolve reactive P (DRP) in solution, doesn’t have to be attached to a particle of soil. o Bacteria  Coliform - a general bacteria some good and some bad  E. coli 0157 associated with food poisoning  This makes us sick, bad bacteria  Indicator species o Acid rain  Caused by sulfur and nitrogen emissions from factories and cars.  Makes aluminum more active in soil and kills fish  When the acid rain hits the soil it changes the pH overall.  It also liberates the aluminum  Sulfur makes acid  pH 7 is alkaline or basic o Sediment  Muddy water  Carries nutrients  Clogs filters  Can usually be cleaned by filtering quite easily o Radiation  Alpha, beta, gamma  Radon gas  Naturally-occurring radioactive gas that can cause lung cancer and is naturally in the atmosphere in trace amounts.  Natural decay process

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o Dissolved Oxygen Warm water holds less than cold Essential for aquatic organisms Not a concern except for hydroponics o Salts Naturally occurring or man caused High in some fertilizers o pH Negative log of the hydronium ion concentration 0-7 acid ten times more acidic than a pH of 8 and 100 times more acidic than 9 7-14 alkaline or basic, 6-8 is general range of healthy system Log scale ... each unit is 10 fold difference

NPDES o National pollutant discharge elimination systems  A license to pollute February 5th - Plant growth requirements  Temperature o Affects many essential plant growth processes including most biochemical reactions. o Higher temp = increased reaction rate o Determines plant growth function and rate o All plants have an optimal temperature at which they function best. o Desiccation - drying out of plants o Plants should be selected according to growth conditions and climate o Except in greenhouses where temperature conditions can be controlled. 

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Light affects plants based on:  Intensity  Quality  Duration Plant growth requires white light or sunlight Chlorophyll absorbs the red and blue portions of the light spectrum  Red for flowering  Blue for vegetative growth and compactness Plants appear green because the leaf reflects green light Light quality must contain proper wavelengths. High intensity discharge (HID) Photoperiodism - the growth response to the length of dark period Phototropism - Tends to lean in the direction of the greatest light intensity Light duration plants  Short day - long period of darkness. Strawberries and soybeans.

 Long day - long periods of sun. winter barley, oats and wheat.  Day neutral - they don’t care. Corn, fruit and nut trees.  Moisture and water o Carries essential nutrients from roots and acts as a solvent for essential salts and minerals. o Translocates photosynthetic products from leaves o Chemical reactant in many plant processes o Provides turgidity - the pressure within the cells/ xylem and phloem that holds the plants up. o Cools plants during transpiration o Water quality  Important to plants  Excessive salts can cause leaf burn, general poor seed germination, wilting of young seedlings and localized killing of leaves after contact with water high in salts. o Water considerations  Quality  Capillary water - moves freely in soil and can move up, down or horizontally.  Gravity water  Hygroscopic water - unavailable to plants because the charge is opposite that of water and will attract or hold the water in the soil. o 16 essential Nutrients  Primary - NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium)  Secondary - Ca, S, Mg (calcium, sulfur, magnesium)  Trace or micro - Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Cl, B, Mo (manganese, iron, zinc, copper, chloride, boron, molybdenum)  Carbon (as Co2) hydrogen and oxygen are usually not limited. February 7th  Fertilizer application methods: o Rooting characteristics of crop to be planted o Crop demand for various nutrients through growth stages o Physical and chemical characteristics of soil and applied fertilizers o Availability of moisture o Irrigation systems used  Preplant applications: o Broadcast  Drop Spreader  Inverted triangle-shaped hopper mounted between two wheels, usually pulled by a tractor or pickup truck  Pull-type Spreader  Self-propelled Spreader  Liquid Spreader o Injection  Placement with seed: o Fertilizer placed directly with the seed, is frequently called “pop-up” >>>>> ...