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Study guide for American Politics cumulative review...

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Community Action Programs: Russel’s book ● created in64 Economic Opportunity Act ● part of war on poverty

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Budget process ● what she talked about in lecture ● government’s treatment of the budget changed under Regan, gotten more contentious, increase in deficit since Regan even though there have been rollbacks in welfare spending

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Parasitic culture of Washington ● theme throughout a lot of the lectures ● more of an essay question ● sleaze: relationship between lobbyists and government officials ● revolving door: Carter’s administration, Carter was obscure, picked people out of administration in Washington as his staff and when his administration was over he went into the private sector ○ elected officials go into private sector and work with government officials ● the iron triangle ● questionable relationships between government and outside of government ● agency capture

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Walter Heller and Willard Wirtz ● both from Russell’s book ● Wirtz was the secretary of Labor for Kennedy and Johnson administrations ○ protagonist, disagreed with CEA of causes and consequences of unemployment ○ can have structural programs that affect unemployment that don’t affect inflation ○ training programs ● Heller is the counter to Wirtz ○ influential in Kennedy’s economy ○ chairman of CEA, he’s a Keynesian, tax cuts ○ tax cuts would return economy to full employment and would reduce poverty  economic slack ○ believed reducing economic slack would reduce the rate the economy ● Wirtz is the hero in a tragedy  Heller won but Wirtz is Russell’s view ○ Heller and Russell realize that there are some people who will not benefit when certain parts of the economy improves

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Structural unemployment ● it’s not the economy is not growing fast enough ● there might be enough jobs and people but doesn’t necessarily give everyone jobs  geography, skills, etc. ● Wirtz saw this happening and why tax cuts wouldn’t fix unemployment

Chapter on Department of Labor is not important in Russell’s book ● people didn’t think the department labor was capable of running job training programs ● ●

Niche journalism ● 14.2 in Principles ● the composition of the Washington press has changed ● fewer reporters in mainstream (like NY Times) and more in specialized (Fox, MSNBC, Huffington Post, etc.)

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Dynamic representation ● 10.2 ● politicians when they see public opinion shifts they are going to change their actions ● there is responsiveness among public officials to public opinion, most in legislative branch Sovereign Powers Theory and Federal Power Theory th ● March 7 lecture ● Sovereign Powers Theory : national government can grant all those powers normally granted to all sovereign power governments  international law, taxing, treaties ● Federal Power Theory: since the states are really the source of national government’s power, the national government only does what the states do not

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Party organization/ Party in the electorate/ Party in government ● define these and why Aldrich says it’s important to look at parties in this way ● in the Aldrich reading in Principles, 12.1

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Three eras of the court: defined well in Logics 419-426 th ● potential 4 era ● Nation versus State ○ deciding on BIG questions ● Civil War- 30s: Regulation of the economy and government’s roles

New Deal ● Civil Liberties 1940s ○ defining government and citizens relationships ● Potential fourth era ○ giving more power back to states ○

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Hard and soft money ● hard money is money given directly to candidates and soft money is everything else ● soft money was traditionally money given to parties ○ parties were really using this money to campaign for candidates ○ 527s organizations that are not parties were using money to campaign for candidates ● electionary communications: campaigning for a specific candidate before the election ○ 60 days before election and 30 days before primaries  can’t do ○ Citizen’s United said that you can air things even within these days because in law corporations are people and money is speech so freedom of speech ○ but have to identify yourself if putting out an ad

Disturbance theory: interest groups, there has to be something in society that changes that causes people to feel the need to organize to express their concerns to government ● disturbance is catalyst for interest groups to form ● ●

Kingdon’s 3 streams ● policy comes from 3 complimentary processes called streams and the conjuncture of these 3 streams determine where the policy is heading ● problems, policies, and politics  pretty independent and none are inherently more important ● problems: have to have a problem in the first place ● policies: alternative specification process, has to be a solution out there for a problem ○ solutions chasing problems ● politics: political environment has to be open for change ○ electoral cycles, crises, the economy ● these three streams have to come together in the right way for a policy change ● Policy entrepreneurs: play a role in connecting these streams ● Policy windows: timing has to be right for certain types of policies

to be enacted ● critical factors: timing, chance, and political influence ● ●

Iron triangle: Legislature, bureaucracy, and interest groups ● fact that interest groups are pretty influential over bureaucracies that are supposed to regulate them ● consumers are not part of this triangle

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Is government working?

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Aldrich, Jacobson, Bartels ● political parties

● ● Responsible Party Thesis: parties can be good rather than as Washington believe that consistently detrimental to political process ● parties must adopt platforms and offer distinct choices ● voters must be aware of the differences between parties and platforms ● once elected, members of parties must pursue issues on their platforms and voters should hold them accountable for doing this ● 12.3: Fiorina’s comment: looks what has happened to parties since then, parties have changed ○ how these increasing differences between parties played out in reality ● ●

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Richard Pious: frontlash, backlash, overshoot and collapse ● outcomes of presidential./congressional struggles ● frontlash: president stronger, crisis handled ● backlash: crisis handled but president power decreases ● overshoot and collapse: president doesn’t manage crisis and presidency is put in serious compromise ○ Johnson and Nixon Freefalls/ high dives ● 14.3 ● people’s knowledge has gone down, don’t watch news as much ● decline is a free fall (dramatic, terrible decline) or more like a high dive (go into a pool but come back up) ● it’s more like a high dive...