Politics test final study document PDF

Preview

Summary

Study document for all MCQ questions throughout the entire semester...

Description

Politics(Study(Document(–(Test(II(( ! 1.! What is the most common political community throughout human history? Empire i.e. Roman, Persian, Chinese 2.! The integration of states and people through increasing contact, communication, and trade that binds the world together is known as: Globalisation 3.! Which of the following is the most expansive contiguous empire in world history? Mongol Empire 4.! Which were the five most extensive and powerful early civilisations (or regional powers of the ancient world)? Rome, Achaemenid, Sassanid, Qin, Han 5.! In 389 BCE, who introduced the concept that the political unit of the city-state was the highest legitimate authority? Aristotle 6.! Which powerful force helped hasten the decline of the Roman Empire, resulting in the permanent division between the Latin-speaking west and the Greek-speaking east by 395? Tyranny + barbarians 7.! What is the main difference between the long-cycle theory and the power cycle theory regarding empires? 8.! Which major European country was part of the medieval Islamic Empire? Spain 9.! Which of the following countries did not join the League of Nations? The United States 10.! Which two international organisations were set up to enhance collective security and create a more collaborative and peaceful world system in the 20th century? League of Nations, United Nations 11.! In the context of the Cold War, what does M.A.D. stand for? Mutually Assured Destruction

12.! Which of these statements best explains what is meant by the ‘New World Order’? The term "new world order" has been used to refer to any new period of history evidencing a dramatic change in world political thought and the balance of power. Despite various interpretations of this term, it is primarily associated with the ideological notion of global governance only in the sense of new collective efforts to identify, understand, or address worldwide problems that go beyond the capacity of individual nation-states to solve. 13.! Which philosopher first came up with the concept of ‘the end of history’? Francis Fukuyama 14.! According to Hegel, the main driving force behind human historical evolution is: the core cause of conflicts and what drives historical human evolution are ‘struggles for recognition’ i.e. the struggle of groups (national, ethnic, religious, cultural, etc.) for independence, selfdetermination, and recognition ... once recognition is gained, conflict ends. 15.! According to Hegel, which of the following events signified the end of history? End of the Cold War 16.! In “The End of History?”, Francis Fukuyama argues that: Liberal democracy has emerged as only legitimate form of government, after fall of USSR 17.! Having reached ‘the end of history’, what does Francis Fukuyama suggest could ‘restart’ history once again? Centuries of boredom Struggle for recognition Men without chests 18.! According to Francis Fukuyama, which of the following were the two main challenges to liberalism in the 20th century? Communism and National Socialism 19.! What alternative to liberal democracy is said to have perished with the collapse of the USSR? Communism 20.! According the 2017 Freedom House Report, what percentage of the world’s population lives in free countries? 39% 21.! What are the three levels of analysis in global politics? Individual, State, System

22.! What is the main point of contention between modern and post-modern political theorists? Nature of empiricism 23.! Why does Marysia Zalewski fear the statement “All these theories yet the bodies keep piling up”? Foster a back to basics mentality, implying a retreat to the comfort of theory 24.! In her article “All these theories yet the bodies keep piling up”, Marysia Zalewski argues that “the conventional portrait of international politics too often ends up looking like a _________________, when it probably should resemble a ________________”. Superman comic strip, Jackson Pollock painting 25.! Which two theoretical perspectives dominate the study of modern global politics? Realism and Liberalism 26.! Which of the following statements best reflects the liberal view on human nature? Humans inherently good, recognizes that some humans are bad but a sense of reason can be nurtured 27.! What (if any) is the main difference between classical realism and neorealism? There are however four key differences between classical realism and neorealism. First, classical realist locate the roots of international conflict and war in an imperfect human nature while neo-realists maintain that its deep causes are found in the anarchic international system

28.! According to Robert Cox, critical theory questions: Critical theorists take ideas very seriously and believe that discourse, or HOW we think and talk about the world largely shapes practice. Idealists: ideas are the driving force of history. •! Robert Cox: “The state has no physical existence, like a building or a lamp-post; but it is nevertheless a real entity. It is a real entity because everyone acts as though it were” (1992: 133).

•!

29.! The notion that both domestic and global politics are shaped by relations between unequal socio-economic classes is fundamental to which political theory? Marxist / Neo-Marxist political theory 30.! Which international relations theory emphasises the intersubjective relations between states as the constitution of the global political system? Constructivism 31.! Donald Trump’s “America First” policy best reflects which international relations theory? Realism 32.! Which of the following terms best describes anarchy as theorised by Alexander Wendt? Anarchy is not inherent in the international system in the way in which other schools of international relations theory envision it, but rather it is a construct of the nation-states in the system. At the core of constructivist thought is the idea that many core aspects of international relations are socially constructed (they are given their form by ongoing processes of social practice and interaction), rather than inherent, contrary to the assumptions of neorealism and neoliberalism. According to Wendt, the two basic tenets of constructivism are: •! •!

The structures of human association are determined primarily by shared ideas rather than material forces The identities and interests of purposive actors are constructed by these shared ideas rather than given by nature 33.! Which of the following are the three types of IR ‘feminist questions’? •! •! •!

Where are the women? (Invisibility question) What are the women saying? (Voice question) What is signified by women? (Significance)

34.! Which of the following statements best describes a feminist approach to global politics? Go beyond experiences of men to examine power relations in society, the personal is political and international •! Gender politics matter in the world •!

35.! Which international political theory best reflects the struggle for political survival that underpins the tv show Game of Thrones? Realism

36.! Which of the following statements best reflects a realist explanation of the nuclear agreement between Iran and the P5+1? •! •! •!

Anarchic playing field Iran wants to be recognized Struggle for military power

37.! Which of the following political theories would emphasise the centrality of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in the resolution of the South China Sea disputes? Liberalism 38.! Which of the following statements best reflects a liberal view of the United Nations? Body for cooperation and mutual commerce, overall beneficial 39.! The popular cartoon character Rick (from Rick and Morty) has a pessimistic view of the galaxy (world) and a bleak view of humanity. He and the multidimensional versions of himself join together to form their own government to secure themselves against the intergalactic government. Which international relations theory is best illustrated by Rick’s view of humanity and his approach to intergalactic (global) politics? Realism 40.! A frog, a mouse and a rabbit all have their own land, but the mouse has slightly less than the others, making him less powerful. The frog, in competition with the rabbit, decides to grow his power by taking land from the mouse. This is not in the rabbit’s interest, and makes him feel insecure. Following a realist approach, the rabbit: E.g. takes land back or militarily fights back 41.! Sovereignty refers to: Sovereignty is the full right and power of a governing body over itself, without any interference from outside sources or bodies. In political theory, sovereignty is a substantive term designating supreme authority over some polity 42.! According to Stephen Krasner, sovereignty is nothing but: Organised hypocrisy 43.! The term nation-state is problematic because: Not all nations are states and vice versa 44.! What are the two main theories (or schools of thought) regarding statehood (i.e. the creation of states)? Constitutive thought or Declaratory Tradition 45.! 5. Complete the following sentence: The ___________ approach suggests recognition by other states is needed to become a state, whereas the ____________ approach suggests that in order to become a state, only the minimum requirements for statehood must be met. Constitutive, Declaratory

46.! According to the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States (1933), the state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: 47.! a.

a permanent population;

48.! b.

a defined territory;

49.! c.

government; and

50.! d.

capacity to enter into relations with other States.

51.! Which of the following statements best defines the concept of failed state? A failed state is a political body that has disintegrated to a point where basic conditions and responsibilities of a sovereign government no longer function properly. Likewise, when a nation weakens and its standard of living declines, it introduces the possibility of total governmental collapse. The Fund for Peace characterizes a failed state as having the following characteristics: •! •! •! •!

Loss of control of its territory, or of the monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force therein Erosion of legitimate authority to make collective decisions Inability to provide public services Inability to interact with other states as a full member of the international community 52.! Which of the following statements best defines the concept of balance of power?

Mechanism of institution for keeping order between states, to prevent dominance of international politics by one state or group of states which might threaten the independence of existence of other states 53.! Which of the following statements best defines the concept of hegemony? Political, economic or military predominance or control on one state over others 54.! Marxists argue that the primary function of the modern state is to serve the interests of: Economic elites and capitalists 55.! How many countries are currently members of the United Nations? 193 Members 56.! If two states engage in a zero-sum game, this means that: As one ‘wins’, one must ‘lose’ 57.! The birth of the modern sovereign state system is traditionally associated with: Treaty of Westphalia 58.! Which of the following statements best describes the concept of smart power? In international relations, the term smart power refers to the combination of hard power and soft power strategies. It is defined by the Centre for Strategic and International Studies as "an approach that underscores the necessity of a strong military, but also invests heavily in alliances, partnerships, and institutions of all levels to expand American influence and establish legitimacy of American action."

59.! Which of the following attributes is not associated with the concept of sovereignty? Those associated with: territorial integrity, exclusive authority, legal equality (territoriality, sovereignty, equality) 60.! What are the three types of power, as theorised by Chris Brown (2005)? Power as attribute, relationship (influence) and structure 61.! Which game (in the context of game theory) best describes the current political tension between the United States and North Korea? Chicken 62.! What two forms of power are illustrated by the following two scenarios? Scenario 1: A wants B to do something, and B does it to accommodate A’s wishes to get it done. Scenario 2: A acts to make B do what A wants, despite B’s objections. Scenario 1: Legitimate power Scenario 2: Compellance, coercion 63.! South Australia is not considered a state in the context of international politics because: Political communities that acknowledge other political authorities as being the sovereign authority are not states in the context of international relations e.g. Australian states, US states, the EU. 64.! Which country occupies the top spot in the 2017 Soft Power 30 Report? [note: the report is available on the course website] France What are the two main sources of international law? Treaties as Law, Customs as Law Who is considered to be the father of modern international law? Hugo Grotius Pacta sunt servanda means that: ‘Agreements must be kept’ – context of international law The principle of reciprocity refers to: ‘the practice of exchanging things with others for mutual benefit, especially privileges granted by one country or organization to another.’ Which of the following is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations? The International Court of Justice

Which of the following is not an important limitation of international law? Limitations of international law -!

Non-binding

-!

Cannot be enforced unless ratified

-!

‘Soft law’

-!

State sovereignty

What is the main difference between the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the International Criminal Court (ICC)? ICJ – Court of UN, UN member states, boundary disputes + sovereignty etc. ICC – Independent of UN, individuals, genocide + war crimes etc How many states have ratified the Rome Statute i.e. the treaty that established the ICC? 124 states Which four types of crimes come under the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court? Genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, aggression What (in theory) is the main difference between government and governance? Governance and government are interchangeable in the sense the process of governing, but they differ in other senses. Government often refers to the governing body itself, while governance often refers to the act of governing. So members of a government are engaged in governance. Which of the following statements best reflects the concept of neo-medievalism –as theorised by Hedley Bull? Neo-medievalism refers to: Political theory about modern international relations, where the term is originally associated with Hedley Bull. It sees the political order of a globalized world as analogous to high-medieval Europe, where neither states nor the Church, nor other territorial powers, exercised full sovereignty, but instead participated in complex, overlapping and incomplete sovereignties Which of the following is not a multilateral organisation of the United Nations? Multilateral organisations: -!

Food Agriculture Organisation

-!

International Civil Aviation Organisation

-!

International Fund for Agricultural Development

-!

International Labour Organisation

-!

International Maritime Organisation

-!

IMF

-!

UNESCO

-!

UN Industrial Development Organisation

-!

Universal Postal Union

-!

World Bank

-!

WHO

-!

World Intellectual Property Organisation

-!

World Meteorological Organisation

-!

World Tourism Organisation

Which three organisations are all Intergovernmental Organisations (IGOs)? Any three of UN, NATO, OECD, World Bank, IMF etc. The idea that global mass media have a profound impact on foreign policy is most commonly known as? You are out in a bar and a fellow person buys you a drink. Following the principle of reciprocity, what would your course of action be in response to this action? BUY THEM A DRINK Which of the following is an example of a nation without a state? i.e. Kurdistan, Catalonia, Galatia, Basques, Scotland Which of the following statements best describes the realist view on the global politics of identity? Identities are relatively hardwired, based on ancient hatreds and cultural differences that are deep and cannot easily be changed Which of the following statements best reflects the notion that nations are ‘imagined communities’ –as theorised by Benedict Anderson? He believes that a nation is a community socially constructed, imagined by the people who perceive themselves as part of that group How would a cosmopolitan react to Donald Trump’s ‘Muslim ban’? Negatively, i.e. goes against the notions of global citizenship According to Samuel Huntington, what is the most important issue dividing states and peoples in the post-Cold War world? Culture, civilisation. Wars will occur across cultural ‘fault lines’ Which of the following lists contains five of the civilisations included in Samuel Huntington’s 'clash of civilisations' theory? Wester, Orthodox, Islamic, Buddhist, Hindu, African, Latin American, Chinese, Japanese Which IR theory best relates to Samuel Huntington’s ‘clash of civilisations’ theory? Realism Which of the following statements best reflects a Marxist critique of Samuel Huntington’s ‘clash of civilisations’ theory? Which of the following statements best reflects the main reason why Samuel Huntington would oppose the United States accepting political refugees from Syria? Culturally different and may cause conflict

What are the two main branches of Islam? Sunni + Shia What region of the world has the highest Muslim population? Country: Indonesia, Region: South Asia Which of the following interpretations of the post-Cold War order is best reflected in the socalled Arab Spring?

Which of the following statements best reflects the meaning of Jihad and McWorld -as theorised by Benjamin Barber? Describes the struggle between "McWorld" (globalization and the corporate control of the political process) and "Jihad" (Arabic term for "struggle", here modified to mean tradition and traditional values, in the form of extreme nationalism or religious orthodoxy and theocracy). The Moro National Liberation Front seeks to unify all Muslims of the Moro identity in the Christian majority Philippines. The Maute Group is a radical Islamist group which separated from the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in 2012 and is responsible for the recent unrest in Mindanao that culminated in the instigation of martial law in May 2017. Which of the following articulations of identity politics best reflects the divergence of the Maute from the Moro? Islamic Nationalism?

In the Harry Potter saga, a war occurs between those who believe the muggle-born (those without wizarding heritage) deserve a place in the wizarding world and those who believe the wizarding world should be restricted to those of ‘pure-blood’ (those with pure wizarding heritage) and that there should be no interaction between muggles and wizards. In terms of global identity politics, this is an example of: Again, Nationalism???

According to Brian Orend, war is: ‘War should be understood as an actual, intentional and widespread armed conflict between political communities’ Which of the following statements best defines the concept of negative peace? Negative peace refers to the absence of violence. When, for example, a ceasefire is enacted, a negative peace will ensue. It is negative because something undesirable stopped happening Which of the following statements best reflects the realist perspective on war? War is a natural/norm...