POLSC 1 Notes PDF

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Professor Lisa Ybarra...

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Chapter 2 Supreme Court & Judicial Review Informal Change: The Unwritten Constitution Congress structures lower federal court system Judiciary Act of 1789 S.C. (1) circa 2016 U.S. Circuit and Court of Appeals (13)circa 2016 Federal District Court (94) circa 2016 Constitutional Ellaboration Impeached does not equal Removed from Office Bill Clinton was impeached for perjury Impeached: Treason/Bribery or other mis. or felonies Presidential Practices: Executive orders, executive privilege, impoundment executive order- force of law/ executive privilege- withhold certain information when it comes to national security Impoundment- cannot change around funds Judicial interpretation: Interpret the constitution Formally changing the constitution Proposing amendment: Majority of house to present amendment Two ways of Ratify Amendment(State Senates vote on it) 2nd way is to have a convention with all state delegates. Only way to repeal an amendment is to have a new amendment

Chapter 3: Federalism What is federalism and why do we have it? A form of government in which a constitution distributes power and authority between a central government and smaller regional governments (states or provinces). Each has substantial powers and responsibilities (i.e., collect taxes, pass and enforce laws, etc.) Dual/Layer Cake Federalism- The parts are distinct (Articles of Confederation era.) Each layer has its own responsibilites, and considered all in the business of the states Cooperative Marble Cake: Where the State and national government on issues Ex. Enviornment circa 1930-1970s Competitive: Encourage states to compete against each other Permissive: The federal govt. only gives away the power it wants too(strong central govt.) Coercive: Getting Manipulation in- Through Mandates and orders/ New Ferderalism: redistribution of powers back to states *Federalism does not always mean democracy

Alt. to Federalism Unitary Systems Where all power is all is concentrated within a national govt. Ex. Dictatorship (North Korea) Communism Confederations State have all the power Conflicts over the meaning of federalism? How does our federal system differ from other systems of government? What are the advantages and disadvantages of federalism? Advantages Checks the Growth of Tyranny Allows Unity without Uniformity Encourages Experimentation Provides Training and Create Opportunities. For Future National Leaders Keeps Govt. Closer to the people Dissadvantages Dividing power makes it much more difficult for govt. to respond quickly to national problems Ex: Hurricane Katrina The division of power makes it difficult for voters to hold elected officials accountable The lack of uniformity can lead to conflict Variations in policies creates redundancies, inefficiencies, and inEqualities What is the impact of war and terrorism on federalism? What is the relationship between federalism and democracy? Constitutional structure of American Federalism Constitutional Framework Only has powers delegated by the constitution state govt. have all powers not delegated to them constitution unless stated that they can’t have Implied Delegated or expressed powers Necessary and proper clause (Art. 1, Sect.8, Clause 3) Denounces the states/canned state power 4 pillars if ultimate authority Supremacy Clause War Power Power to Regulate Interstate and foreign commerce *Commerce as intercourse among the states The power to Tax and Spend POWERS OF THE STATES Reserves for the states all power not granted to the nat. govt

Concurrent- Powers that are shared by both state and national govt. even though they can tax, they cannot undue burden to interstate commerce Constitutional limits and obligations State cannot make treaties with foreign government Authorize private citizens or org. to interfere with the shipping and commerce of other nations Coining money, issuing bills of credit, or making anything but gold and silver coins legal tender in payments of debts. taxing imports or exports Taxing Foreign Ships Keeping troops or ships of war in time of peace Engaging in war

INTERSTATE RELATIONSHIPS Full faith and credit- accepts other states judgements Interstate privileges and immunities- must give citizens of other states the same private. and immunities they give their own citizens Extradition- found and returned Interstate compacts- agreements that have with each other National Courts and Federalism McCulloch v. MARYLAND 1819 -solidified National Supremacy Preemption- the rights of the national law or regulation to preclude enforcement of a state or local law or regulation. Ex. Civil Rights Act of 1964 ; Voting Rights Act of 1965 Centralists- federal govt needs to strong Decentralist- more people on the stats

CHAPTER 6 The political parties created democracy, and modern democracy is unthinkable save in terms of the parties.”

Spoils System- If you help campaign you get a job. Interests Jacksonian DemocratsWhig party 1828-1854 Republican Party dominate 1896-1932 F.D.R. first person to regulate economy only president to have served 4 terms

After FDR over 50 percent democrats What is the relationship between political parties and a democracy? Why does the U.S. have a two-party system? Do political parties serve public interests effectively? What is the future for political parties in the U.S.? CHAPTER 6 POLITICAL PARTIES Two-Party System Single member district, winner-take all Electoral College Realigning Elections /Critical Elections (V.O. Key) Theory *Economic Crisis *Social Crisis *Expansion of Suffrage Party change of platform Andrew Jackson and Democrats (1824) Expanding power of executive party/ Civil Rights Movement shifted the platform of Ideals Candidate Nominations Caucus - Pre Rev. to about 1820s *Party Members Decided (Closed) Party Convention (1830s and 1840s) -Procedural Direct Primary (1905 Wisconsin the Norm 1920) open vs. closed

American Parties Today Parties as Institutions -National Party Leadership *Conventions State Committee/ state chair/ county committee *Party Committee *Nat. Chair Party Platform (Committee vote on every 4 years) Chapter 7 Forming Political Opinions and Values Development Political attitudes, beliefs, and ideology

Influences on Agents of Socialization *Family (Powerful Agent of Socialization) *Schools *Peers and Friends *Mass-Media (Selective exposure/Selective perception) *Other (Religion, Ethnicity, Workplace) Stability and Change Changing of Perspective War Economic Depression 3 types of Citizens Attentive Public (Informed) PArt-Time Citizen (40% Participate 1/2 the time) Political Know Nothings… (Don’t care) Public Opinion- The distribution of individual preferences for or evaluations of a given issue, candidate, or institution within a specific population.” Measuring Public Opinion- Random Sample *Simple-Random Sampling- Equal Probability of being selected -At least 1000 people Question Construction Open-ended vs. Closed-Ended Leading Qs Double Barreled Interviewer effects Likert Scale Relationship between Public Opinion and Public Policy Socialism/Communism Communist revolution/ Working Class takes over system Socialism is transitioning (baby-step)

Libertarianism- limited government involvement on individual rights Voting strategy Based on Party

*Using Party ID Based on Candidate -Candidate Appeal Based on Issues -Prospective Voting vs. Retrospective Voting *Future *Past Chapter 8 What is the role of elections in a democracy? Why don’t many Americans vote? What do campaigns for the presidency and Congress look like? What part money plays in presidential and congressional elections? What is the role of the Electoral College Elections: The Rules of the Game *Regularly Scheduled Elections • Congress- First tuesday after the first monday of every even year • Fixed Terms-How long each term HOR-2 years Sen-6 years * only 1/3 are up for election at same time • Pres- 4 years as of 1951 through 22nd amendment limited to two terms • Winner take all- single member districts • Electoral College- every state has as many electors as it does members of congress • Prior 1804- 1st place prez 2nd place vice prez • 1800 election John Adams won/ TJ VP Vote Counting *Administer by local government *Technology Varies *Voter ID Requirement Running for congress HOR Primary Campaign/Campaign for General Election 1. Raise hundreds of thousands of dollars 2. Build organization 3. Gain Visibility Senate (Campaign Theme) 1. Raise Millions of Dollars 2. Build Campaign team 3. No positive attention to opponent *Name recognition. *Nat’l tide *Incumbent Advantage RUNNING FOR PRESIDENT NOMINATION - Stage 1

-Presidential Primaries -Caucuses and Conventions -Strategies THE PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN FINANCING SYSTEM Stage 2- National Party Convention *Party Platform *The Vice Presidential Nominee *The Values of Conventions *Nomination by Petition Stage 3: The General Election *Presidential Debates *Television and Radio Advertising *The Outcome (Exit Polling) Improving Elections -Reforming Campaign Finance -Reforming Nomination Process Chapter 9 THE MEDIA TV is prominent Radio is 2nd Changing role of the U.S. News Media Freedom of Press First funded by Political Parties Financial Independence Yellow Journalism-Lying about what happened Impact of Broadcasting Media and Public Opinion -Agenda Setting (determine what is talked about ) -Issue Framing (Spin a particular issue) ex.IG -Media Bias Factors Limiting Media Influence Political Socialization Selectivity Needs

Media and Elections Choice of Candidates Campaign Events Technology Image Making and Media Consultants (Political Elite)

Impact on Voter Choice Personality over Substance The Horse Race Negative Advertising Decision-Making Election Night Reporting Political Institutions and the News Media -President -Congress -Supreme Court CHAPTER 10 Congressional Elections Drawing District lines -Reapportionment -Redistricting -GerryMandering Structure and prowers of congress Power to Raise,MAke, and borrow money Power to regulate commerce Power to unify and expand country Power to prepare and declare war Power to creat Leadership Leader the house is speaker of the house(Majority Leader) The party caucus( Both houses for each party) Other house leaders- Majority Leader,Minority Leader, Whips(Party) Party whip- Make sure everyone votes based on party lines Leading the Senate President Pro Tempore- Majority Party Use of filibuster and cloture (DELAY VOTE) 2/3 cloture from senators Congressional Committees Standing committees- never disparate Excise tax- tax on luxury goods Special committees- dissipate after Choosing committee Members Seniority

Role of conference Member Caucuses 10 member caucuses Bill becomes a law Introducing a Bill The Referral Decision HOR -Hopper Discharge position- brought directly to floor

Senate -individual senator intro. moved to other house LegislatorsCongressional EthnicsCHAPTER 11- The Presidency The President- Separation of Powers The Framers and the Presidency Presidential Powers -Commander in Chief -Diplomat in Chief (Chief negotiator) -Administrator in Chief (check on federal bureaucracy) George Washington- First Notable President War hero Set the precedent to step down after two terms Appointment Power Presidential Removal Impeachment- Process *HOR-Articles of impeachment 2/3 Majority to hold trial in Senate Senate-Trial Chief Justice Presides 2/3 guilty 22nd amendment- limits president to two terms 1951 25th amendment- temp remove president from power Controversies WAR Power

Congress can only declare war wars since world war 2 aren’t declared Power to invoke executive privilege Power to issue Executive Orders Power to submit a Budget to Congress Evolution of Presidential Power *founding to 1930s dormant roles of president *Increase in power White House Staff *Chief of Staff -Political Offices -Policy Offices Staff reside in the West Wing White house Bureaucracy EOP- Staff agency (MOB) Group agencies that facilitate responsibilities Cabinet vice president Morale Builder Agenda setter Presidential power is the power to persuade Richard Neustadt(1960) Presidents and Congress Disagree Competing Constituencies Competing Calendars Competing Campaigns *Presidential Mandates *Public Approval -Political Capital (a lot more to bargain) -Rally Points Reputation...