Polzer.Leading teams PDF

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lEADING Teams...

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9403094 FE BRUAR Y 26,2003

J EFFREYT.PO LZER

Le a di ngTe a ms Te ams a r e be c omi ng t he wor k ar r angeme ntofc hoi c ef or ac c ompl i s hi ng a wi de r ange of or gani za t i onalobj e c t i ves .Mana ge r sus et e amst or e s pondt os e ve r alenvi r onme nt alt r e ndst ha tar e de s t i ned t oc ont i nue ,s uc h ast hene edf orf a s tr e s pons est or api dl yc hangi ngmar ke tc ondi t i ons , i nc r e as i ng gl obal i za t i on,and e ver i mpr ovi ng c ommuni c a t i on t ec hnol ogi e st ha tal l ow di s pe r s e d peopl et oc ol l abor a t e .Te amsc anbef ounda te ve r yl e ve lofanor gani za t i on,f r om pr oduc t i ont e amson t hes hopfloort ot opmana ge mentt e amsi nt hee xe c ut i ves ui t e .Te amsar edepl oyedt ode ve l opne w pr oduc t s ,pr ovi de pr of e s s i onals e r vi c e s ,and s t ar tne w bus i ne s s e s .Whe r ei nt ac tt e a msar e not i nvol vedi nanor gani za t i on’ swor k,i ns t e adt her ema ybet e mpor ar y ,adhocgr oupswhos eme mber s c omet oge t hert os ol veas pec i ficpr obl em andt he ndi s band,onl yt oj oi nanot hergr oupt os ol vea di ffe r e ntpr obl e m. I fyouar ee ar l yi nyourc ar e er ,at e am c oul dpr ovi det hefir s tc hanc ef oryout ol e ada ndmana ge ot he rpe opl e .Eve ni fyouar enott hef or mall e ade rofat e am,wor ki ngi nt e r de pe nde nt l ywi t has mal l numbe rofpe opl epr ovi de sac hanc et oe xe r ti nflue nc eandi nputonbi gge randmor evi s i bl epr oj e c t s t hanyoumi ghtunde r t akeonyourown.Wor ki ngi nt e amsc anal s oe nt ai lr i s k,howe ver ,be c aus eyour owns uc c e s sde pe ndsont het e am’ ss uc c e s s ,andt he r e f or eonyourt e amma t e s ’pe r f or manc e .Thi s i nt e r c onne c t e dne s samongt e am member sof t e nampl i fie st hehi ghsandl owsofwor ke xper i e nc e s ; t e amsha vet hepot e nt i alt opr oduc ebi gge rwi nst hani ndi vi dual s ,butt he yal s oc anc r e a t emor e vi s i bl el os s e s .I ns hor t ,t e amsc anbet r ul yr ema r kabl eort e r r i bl ydys f unc t i onal . Be f or ewepr oc e e d,s omei ni t i alde fini t i onsa r ei nor de r .Te amsar ede fine dbyha vi ng( 1)ac l e ar t e am t as k,onet ha tr e qui r e smul t i pl epe opl et owor kt oge t heri nt e r de pende nt l yt oac hi e veac ol l e c t i ve out c ome ;( 2)c l e arboundar i e sdi s t i ngui s hi ng t hos ewho be l ongt ot het e am f r om ot he r s ;( 3 )t he aut hor i t yoft hos eont het e am t omana get he i rownwor kpr oc e s s es ;and( 4)s omes t abi l i t yt ha ta l l ows 1I t e am me mber st owor kt oget he rove rt i me . ti sus e f ult odi s t i ngui s ht e a msf r om wor ki nggr oups , whi c har es e t sofpe opl ewhos ewor ki sr e l a t e dbutwhodonotme etoneormor eoft hec r i t e r i af ora r e alt e am.Fore xa mpl e ,agr oupofpe opl ewhof or m as mal luni ti na nor gani z a t i on,butwhodonot ne e dt oi nt e r ac twi t he ac hot herbec aus et hei ri ndi vi dualwor ki sc oor di na t e dbyt he i rmana ger ,i snot at e am.Te amsandgr oupsl i eal ongac ont i nuum,howe ver ,r a t hert hanha vi ngac l e andema r c a t i on 2 be t we e nt hem. Thec ont i nuum c ons i s t soft hea mountofi nt e r de pe nde nc eamongt hepe opl ei nt he

1Thi sde fini t i oni sbor r owe df r om Hac kma n, J . R. 20 02 .Le a di ngTe a ms : Se t t i ngt h eSt a g ef o rGr e a tPe r f o r ma nc e s( Bos t on: Ha r var d Bus i ne s sSc hoolPr e s s ) . Ma nyot he rdefini t i onsi nt hel i t e r a t ur eont e amss har ec ons i de r a bl eove r l apwi t ht he s ee l e me nt s . 2Ar r ow, H. , Mc Gr a t h, J . , andBe r da hl , J . 2 00 0. Sma l lGr o upsa sCo mp l e xSy s t e ms . Thous andOa ks , CA: Sa ge . _ Pr of e s s orJ effr e yT. Pol z erpr e par edt hi sc onc e pt ualnot ea st hebas i sf orc l a s sdi s c us s i on.

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gr oup.Aswedi s c us si nde t ai ll a t e ri nt hi snot e ,t hei ndi vi dual sma ybei nt e r de pe nde ntr e gar di ng 3Di t he i rt as k,t he i rbe ha vi or ,and/ort hei rout c ome s . a gnos i ngt hi si nt e r de pe nde nc ei sac r i t i c alfir s t s t epi nde s i gni ngat e am. Weal s one e dt ode fineupf r ontt hec r i t er i at ha twi l lde t e r mi newhe t he rat e am i se ffe c t i ve .Te am e ffe c t i ve ne s sc ons i s t soft hr e edi me ns i ons :( 1)Thet e am mus tme e tt hene e dsoft heus e roft hegr oup’ s out put , whi c hof t e nt akest hef or m ofpr oduc tqual i t yors e r vi c equal i t y) ;( 2)ove rt i me ,t e am me mbe r s s houl di nc r e as et he i rc apac i t yt owor kt oge t he re ffec t i ve l y;and( 3)t het e am s houl dme e ti t sme mbe r s ’ 4 ne e dsf ors a t i s f yi ngwor k. Thec onc e pt sa ndpr e s c r i pt i onsc ont ai ne di nt hi snot ear ei nt ende dt ogui det heac t i vi t i e soft hos e whobot hl e adandwor kont e ams .I nmos twa ys ,t hi snot eas s umest ha taf or mall e ade r s hi pr ol ei snot apr e r e qui s i t ef orc onduc t i ngt her e c omme nde ddi a gnos esandi nt e r ve nt i ons t e ps ;anyme mbe rofa t e am c anas s e s sandi nflue nc et het e am’ sde s i gnandpr oc e s s e s .Na t ur al l y ,t hos ewi t hf or malaut hor i t y wi l lwi e l dmor ei nfluenc e ,butt hi snot ei si nt e nde dt obeus e f ult oanyonewhoi si nvol vedwi t ha t e am.Thei nf or ma t i oni nt hi snot es houl ds har pe nyourunde r s t andi ngoft hes t e psyouc ant a ket o e nhanc et e am e ffe c t i ve ne s sandt oc ur t ai lt hedi s r upt i vef or c e st ha ts oof t e nde r ai lt e ams . Thi snot ei sdi vi de di nt ot hr e es ec t i ons .Wefir s tanal yzet hec ondi t i onst ha ts houl dbei npl ac e be f or et het e am i sl aunc he d.Thes ee nabl i ngc ondi t i onsi nc l udeat as kt ha ti sa ppr opr i a t ef orat e am, ac c e s st or e s our c e si nt het e am’ se nvi r onme ntt ha tmaxi mi zet het e am’ sc hanc e sofs uc c e s s ,andt he r i ghtpe opl ef ort het e am.I nt hes e c onds ec t i on,wea nal yzet het e am pr oc e s s e st ha tunf ol dast he t e am be gi nsi t swor k.Wes t ar tbyas s e s s i ngwha ts houl dhappe ndur i ngt het e am’ sl aunc h,andt hen pr oc e e dt ot het e am’ songoi ngwor k pr oc e s s e s —t hos et ha tar ede s i r e d,t hos et ha tar el i ke l y ,t he under l yi ng c a us esofvar i oust e am pr oc e s s e s ,and advi c e abouthow t oi mpr ove dys f unc t i onal pr oc e s s e s .Thel as ts ec t i ons pot l i ght st e amswhos eme mber smus tbr i dgegeogr aphi c alandc ul t ur al di s t anc e ,t wooft hebi gge s tc hal l e nge sf ac i ngmode r nt e ams .

Te a m De s i gn:Cr e a t i ngt heAr c hi t ec t ur eofaSuc c e s s f ulTe a m At e am’ sl i ke l i hoodofs uc c e s si she a vi l yi nflue nc edbya c t i vi t i e st ha toc c urbe f or et e am me mber s e ve rmee toneanot her .By t het i memos tt e amsas s e mbl ef ort hefir s tt i me ,s ome onehasmade nume r ousde c i s i onsaboutt hewor kt het e am wi l lc onduc t ,t her es our c e si twi l lha vea ti t sdi s pos al , and t hepe opl ewhowi l lc ompr i s et het e am.Re s e ar c hhass hownt hes ec ont e xt ualand s t r uc t ur al 5 f ac t or st obec r i t i c a lt ot e am e ffe c t i ve ne s s . Mos tpe opl eove r l ookt he s ef ac t or swhe ns e ar c hi ngf or c aus e sofat e am’ se ffe c t i ve ne s sbe c aus et he i ra t t e nt i oni sr i ve t e dont hei nt e r pe r s onaldynami c st aki ng pl ac eamongt e am me mbe r s .Al t hought he r ei snodoubtt ha tt he s edynami c si nflue nc eat e am’ s e ffe c t i ve ne s s( asweanal yzei nde t ai li nt hes e c t i ononTe a m Pr o c e s s e s ) ,i nmanyt e amst he s edynami c s t he ms e l ve sar es t r ongl yaffe c t e dbyt het e am’ si ni t i alc ont e xtands t r uc t ur e . Thebes tt i met oe s t a bl i s ht hec ondi t i onsde s c r i be di nt hi ss ec t i oni sbe f or et het e am i sl aunc hed. Ac ommonmi s t akef ort e am l e ade r si st of ai lt opr e par et hor oughl ybe f or el aunc hi ngat e am.I ti sf ar mor edi ffic ul tt oadj us tt het r a j e c t or yofat e am t ha ti sunde r wa yt hani twoul dha vebee nt ol aunc ht he t e am i nadi ffe r entdi r ec t i on.Asane xampl e ,c ons i derhow a wkwa r dandc os t l yi ti st or e move 3Wa ge man, R. 20 01 . “ Theme ani ngofi nt e r de pe nde nc e . ”I nM. E. Tur ne r( Ed. ) ,Gr o upsa tWo r k : Th e o r ya ndRe s e a r c h, p. 19 7– 217 . Mahwah, NJ :La wr e nc eEr l ba um As s oc i a t e s . 4Hac kman, J . R. 20 02 . Le a di ngTe a ms : Se t t i ngt heSt a g ef o rGr e a tPe r f o r ma nc e s . Bos t on: Har va r dBus i ne s sSc hoolPr e s s . 5I bi d.

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s ome onef r om at e am af t e rme mbe r sha vei nves t edt i meande ffor tt oi nc or por a t et hepe r s oni nt ot he t e am’ sac t i vi t i e s ,ort oa dds ome onet oat e am t ha thasa l r e adyal l oc a t e di t swor kandbe gunt ol e ar n how be s tt oc oor di na t ei t swor k.I ti sf are as i er ,andabe t t e ri nve s t me nt ,t os pendt i mebe f or et he l aunc h di a gnos i ngt hes i t ua t i on and maki ngc ar e f ulas s e s s me nt sabouthow t ode s i gn t het e am. Ac c or di ngl y ,t e a ml e ader ss houl ddi a gnos eands t r uc t ur et het e am’ st as k,doe ve r yt hi ngpos s i bl et o s ec ur eac c e s st oe s s e nt i alr e s our c e sf r om t het e am’ senvi r onme nt ,andt akepai nst os e l e c tt her i ght mi xofpe opl et ope r f or mt hewor ka thand.

Di a g no s i n gt h eT a s k Thefir s ts t epi nde s i gni ngane ffe c t i vet e am i st ode t e r mi newhe t herornotyouac t ual l ynee da t e am f ort hewor ka thand.A ma j orr e as onf ort e am pr obl e ms ,e s pec i al l ys uc haswa s t e dt i meand e ne r gy ,i st ha tmana ger sas s e mbl et e amst ope r f or m wor kt ha twoul d bebet t erpe r f or medbyan appr opr i a t ei ndi vi dualorgr oupofi ndi vi dual swor ki ngs e par a t e l y .Whe nmana ger sdot hi s ,t e am me mbe r sfighta nuphi l lba t t l ei nt r yi ngt obeopt i mal l ypr oduc t i ve .Whe nt as ksar er e l a t i ve l ys i mpl e , whe nt as ksdonotr equi r eavar i e t yofs ki l l samongme mbe r s ,a ndwhe nt as ksdonotr e qui r egr e a t c oor di na t i onamongi ndi vi dua l s ,i ti sbe t t ert ous ea“mana ge r l e dwor ki nggr oup, ”i nwhi c hmul t i pl e 6 peopl epe r f or mt hewor kwi t hr e l a t i ve l yl i t t l ei nt e r ac t i onamonggr oupme mbe r s . Mana ge r sof t en as s umet he yne e dt oc r e a t eaf ul l bl ownt e am t ope r f or m apar t i c ul arpr oj e c t ,whe nt he i rfir s ts t e p i ns t e ad s houl d bet oanal yzewhe t he rat e am i sappr opr i a t ef ort hewor ka thand.Tode t er mi ne whe t herat e am i st heopt i malme c hani s mf orpe r f or mi ngt hewor k,mana ge r ss houl dc onduc ta pr o c e s sa na l ys i st ha tdi a gnos e ss e ver aldi me ns i onsoft he wor k,i nc l udi ng t as kc ompl e xi t y ,t as k i nt e r de pe nde nc e ,andt as kobj e c t i ve s .7

Ta s kc ompl e xi t y . Thefir s ts t e pi ndi a gnos i ngwhet he rt oc r e a t eat e am i st oas s e s st hec ompl e xi t y oft het as k.Fe a t ur e st ha ti nc r e as et hec ompl e xi t yofat as ki nc l udepr oc e s s i ngal ar geamountof i nf or ma t i on,wor ki ngwi t hahi ghde gr e eofunc e r t ai nt yaboutt hepot ent i alout c omes ,t hepr es enc eof manys ubt as kst ha tr e qui r eabr oadr angeofs pe c i a l i ze ds ki l l sandknowl e dge ,andt heabs e nc eof 8 s t anda r di ze dpr oc edur e st oc onduc tt het as k. Thus ,s uc c es s f ulc ompl e t i onofac ompl e xt as kr equi r e s mor ee xper t i s et hananyonepe r s onc ans uppl y .Thi si swhyt hemor ec ompl e xt het as k,t hemor e appr opr i a t ei ti sf orat e am t ot ac kl ei t . Ta s ki nt e r dependenc e .A s e c ond c r i t i c als t e pi st odi a gnos et hede gr e eofi nt er de pe nde nc e amongt as kc ompone nt s .Tas ki nt e r de pende nc ei st hee xt e ntt owhi c hf e a t ur e soft hewor ki t s e l f di c t a t et ha ti tc an bec ompl et e d onl y by t hec ombi ned e ffor t sofmul t i pl ei ndi vi dual swor ki ng 9 t oge t he r . Whe nt hewor ki t s e l fi shi ghl yi nt e r de pende nt ,t hei ndi vi dua lme mbe r soft het e am ne e dt o 10 t i ght l yi nt e gr a t e orc oor di na t et he i ri ndi vi dua leffor t s . I nt e r de pende nc ei s di s t i nc tf r om t as k c ompl e xi t y ,be c aus ei nt e r de pe nde nc er e f er st ot hene e df orgr oupme mbe r st owor kwi t handr e l y on 6Ka t z e nbac h, J . andSmi t h, D. 1 99 3. TheWi s d o mo fTe a ms . Bos t on: Har var dBus i ne s sSc hoolPr e s s . 7Da ve npor t , T. 19 93 . Pr o c e s sI nno va t i o n:Re e ng i ne e r i ngWo r kThr o ug hI nf o r ma t i o nTe c h no l o gy. Bos t on:Ha r va r dBus i ne s sSc hool Pr e s s . 8Vol ke ma , R. J . 1 98 8. “Pr obl e mc ompl e xi t ya ndt hef or mul a t i onpr oc e s si npl a nni nga ndde s i gn. ”Be h a vi o r a l Sc i e nc e , 33 , 29 2– 3 27 . 9Wa ge man, R. 20 01. “ Theme ani ngofi nt e r de pe nde nc e . ”I nM. E. Tur ne r( Ed. ) ,Gr o up sa tWo r k : The o r ya ndRe s e a r c h , pp. 1 97 –2 17 . Mahwah, NJ :La wr e nc eEr l ba um As s oc i a t e s . 1 0Pol z e r ,J . ,S wann,W.J r . ,andMi l t on,L.20 03 .“Thebe ne fit sofve r i f yi ngdi ve r s ei de nt i t i e sf orgr ouppe r f or manc e . ”I nNe al e , M. ,Manni x ,E. ,a ndPol ze r ,J .( Eds . ) ,Re s e a r c ho nMa na gi n gGr o upsa ndT e a ms :I de nt i t yI s s ue si nGr o ups( Vol .5) .Oxf or d:El s e vi e r Sc i e nc e .

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e ac hot he ri nor de rt opr oduc et hec ol l e c t i vewor koft hegr oup.Byc ont r as t ,t as kc ompl e xi t yr e f er st o 11 t her angeandde pt hofs pe c i a l i ze ds ki l l sne e de dt ope r f or m al lt hes epar a t ec omponent soft hewor k. 12 The r ea r et hr e emai nt ypesofi nt e r de pe nde nc e . Po o l e di nt e r de pende nc eme anst ha ti ndi vi dual s wor kons e pa r a t ec omponent st ha tmus tbec ombi ne dt oget he ri nt oac ohe r e ntwhol e .Te am me mbe r s ne e dt ounder s t andt hec ont e ntandpr ogr e s sofe ac hot he r ’ sc ompone nt si nor de rt os hapet he i rown wor k. Te am me mbe r s mi ght a l s o pi t c hi nt o he l pe ac h ot he r wi t ht hei rt as ks . Se q ue nt i a l i nt e r de pe nde nc e ,muc hl i ke an a s s embl yl i ne ,me anst ha te ac h pe r s on pe r f or msa s t e pt ha ti s ne c e s s ar yf ort hene xtpe r s ont ope r f or mt hei rowns t e p.Re c i p r o c a li nt e r de pe nde nc ei st hes t r onge s t f or m,andr e qui r e se ac hmembert owor ks i mul t ane ous l yandpr ovi dei nput sf oroneanot he r .Te am me mbe r sne e dt ome etwi t honea not he r ,andof t e nge tmuc hoft he i rwor kdonewhi l ei nt hes ame r oom t oget he r .Thena t ur eoft het as ki nt e r de pe nde nc ei nflue nc e swhe t he rat e am i sne e de dt o per f or mt hewor k.Thegr e a t e rt hel e ve lofi nt e r de pe nde nc eamongc ompone nt soft het as k,t hemor e appr opr i a t ei ti st ous eat e am t ope r f or mt het as k.I nt e r de pende nc ehe l pst odi s t i ngui s hr e alt e ams f r om gr oupsofpe opl e —s ome t i me sc al l e d“ c oac t i nggr oups ”or“mana ger l e dwor ki nggr oups ”— whoma ywor ki nc l os epr oxi mi t y ,onr e l a t e dpr oj e c t s ,ande ve nf ort hes amemana ge r , butdonotnee d 13 t owor kt oget he rt oi nt e gr a t et hei re ffor t s . I nt he s ec as es ,i tma ybebet t e rnott oa t t emptt oe mpl oya t e am a tal l .

Conduc t i ngat a s ki nt e r de pe nde nc ea na l ys i si sus e f ult ode t e r mi nehow t hedi s t i nc tc omponent snee d 14 t o bei nt e gr a t e dt o pr oduc eawhol euni tofwor k. I ft hei nt e r de pe nde nc ebet we e nt wo wor k c omponent si ss i mpl eand r out i ne ,i nt e gr a t i onc anoc c urt hr oughf or mal ,r out i ni z edmec hani s ms , s uc h as a dai l y pr ogr e s sr e por t or a we e kl y me et i ng.For mor ec ompl e xa nd nonr out i ne i nt e r de pe nde nc i e sbe t wee n wor kc omponent s ,howe ver ,“ onl i ne” i nt e r ac t i on among t he pe opl e per f or mi ngt hem mi ghtber e qui r e d.Suc ht i ghtc oupl i ngdi c t a t e st ha tt hepe opl ec onduc t i ngt hi swor k ar er e adi l ya vai l a bl et ooneanot he rt ode l i ber a t e ,maket r ade offsamongt he ms e l ve s ,andr e s ol vet he 15 var i ousi s s uest ha tar i s eduet ot hel i nka ge si nt he i rwor k. Anal yzi ngt het as kac c or di ngt ot hes e pr i nc i pl e swi l lhe l pt oe s t abl i s hhow muc handwha tt ype sofi nt e r ac t i onar er e qui r e damongt e am me mbe r sf ort het e am t obee ffe c t i ve . Te amsar ei de alf orpe r f or mi ngt as kst ha tc ombi nehi ghc ompl e xi t yand hi ghi nt e r de pende nc e . Hi ght as kc ompl e xi t yr e qui r e sbr e adt handde pt hofs ki l l sande xper t i s e ,andt husmul t i pl epe opl e wi t hadi ver s es e tofs pec i al i z edqual i fic a t i onsar ebes ts ui t e dt oc ombi net hei re ffor t st ope r f or mt he wor k.Li ke wi s e ,hi gh i nt e r de pe nde nc e among t he var i ous t as kc omponent si ndi c a t es t ha tt he s pe c i a l i s t sr es pons i bl ef ore ac hc omponentmus ti nt e gr a t et he i re ffor t s .Thec ombi na t i onofdi s t i nc t wor kr ol eswi t ht henee dt oi nt e gr a t et hes er ol e si st ai l or madef orar e alt e am.

1 1An a bunda nc e ofr e s e ar c h di s t i ngui s he svar i oust ype soft a s ksi nt e r msofc ompl e xi t y ,i nt er de pe nde nc e ,a nd r e l a t e d di me ns i ons .Exampl e si nc l udeHa mbr i c k,D. ,Da vi s on,S. ,S ne l l ,S.a nd S no w,C.19 98 .“ Whe n gr oupsc ons i s tofmul t i pl e na t i ona l i t i e s :Towar dsane w unde r s t a ndi ng oft hei mpl i c a t i ons . ” Or g a ni z a t i o n St ud i e s ,1 9,1 81 –2 05 ;a nd Mc Gr a t h,J .19 84 . Gr o ups :I nt e r a c t i o na ndPe r f o r ma nc e .Uppe rSaddl eRi ve r ,NJ :Pr e nt i c e Hal l .Themai n poi ntoft hi swor ki st ha tt e a msar e a ppr opr i a t ef ors omet ype soft as ks ,butnota l l ,andt he r e f or eapot e nt i a lt e am l e ade r ’ sfir s tj obi st odi a gnos et het a s kt o de t e r mi newhe t he rat e am i sr e c omme nde d. 1 2Thomps on, J . 19 67 .Or g a ni z a t i o nsi nAc t i o n. Ne w Yor k: Mc Gr a wHi l l . 1 3Wa ge ma n, R.Se pt e mbe r /Oc t obe r19 97 . “ Cr i t i c a ls uc c e s sf a c t or sf orc r e a t i ngs upe r bs e l f mana gi ngt e amsa tXe r ox . ” Or g a ni z a t i o na l Dyna mi c s ,3 1– 41 . 1 4Mohr ma n, S. , Cohe n, S. , andMohr man, A. 19 95.De s i gni n gTe a mBa s e dOr g a ni z a t i o ns : Ne wFo r mso fKno wl e d g eWo r k . Sa n Fr a nc i s c o: J os s e yBas s . 1 5I bi d.

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Le adi ngTe a ms

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Ta s k obj e c t i ve s .I ft het as kappe ar st obeonet ha ti sbe s tpe r f or me d byat e am,t he t e am de s i gne rs houl d pl anhow t oc l ar i f yme mbe r s ’unde r s t andi ngoft het a s k.Cl e ar t as k obj ec t i ves c ons i s tofs e ve r alc omponent s .Thefir s ti sas pe c i fict i me l i nef ort as kc ompl e t i on,e s pec i al l ywhe nan e xt e r nalde adl i nee xi s t s .Knowi ngt heant i c i pa t e d dur a t i onoft het e am’ sa c t i vi t i esc anhe l pt e am me mbe r swor kt hr ought hei rpl anni nga ndde ve l opme ntac t i vi t i e sa tanappr opr i a t epac e .A s e c ond obj e c t i vei st opr ovi det het e am wi t hac l e ardi r e c t i on,wi t houtwhi c hi twoul dbedi ffic ul tf ort e am me mbe r st oal l oc a t eandc oor di na t et hei rwor k.Ane ffe c t i vedi r e c t i onf ort e amsi sc l e arands i mpl e ,i n or de rt oor i e ntt e amst owar dst hei rgoal sandpr i or i t i esf ormaki ngt r adeoffs ,andi ts pec i fie st heend 16 goal swi t houtc ons t r ai ni ngt heme anst e am me mber ss houl dus e . Mana ge r sof t enf ai lt os e tc l e ar di r e c t i onsf ort e ams ,as s umi ngt ha tt e am me mbe r swi l lfigur eoutf ort he ms e l ve swha tt oac c ompl i s h, ore l s et he ys addl et e amswi t hs omanypr oc edur e st ha tt heme mbe r sl os es i ghtoft hei rove r ar c hi ng 17 goal s . Tas k obj e c t i ve sal s oi nc l ude an ar t i c ul a t i on ofa c ompe l l i ng pur pos et o mot i va t et e am me mbe r s .Thi spr ovi de st het e am wi t ha“bi gge rpi c t ur e ”mi s s i ons ot ha tt he yunde r s t andhow t hei r wor kfit si nt oal ar ge rpur pos e . As s umi ngt ha tyou ha vef ol l owed t hedi a gnos i saboveand de t e r mi ned t ha tyourt as ki sbes t ac c ompl i s hedus i ngat e a m,wenow t ur noura t t e nt i ont opr e l a unc hac t i vi t i es —i nc l udi ngmana gi ng t het e am envi r onme ntands e l e c t i ngt her i gh...